Minargish

Natively known as: tūminargh /tuːˈminarɣ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
yi mas īb i ka ashub yi nār ka wasm khār khaw ham
Pronunciation: /ji mas iːb i ka aˈʃub ji naːr ka wasm xaːr xaw ham/
Minargish word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d dˤ f h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ θ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Stop	b			t tˤ d dˤ			k	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative		f	ð θ ðˤ	s sˤ z	ʃ		ɣ x		ʕ ħ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a aː i iː u uː

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ?
Sound changes (in order of application):

• ʔ → / #_
• ʔ → k
• sˤ → ʃ
• tˤ → t
• dˤ → d
• ðˤ → ð
• ħ → h
• q → k
• ʕ →

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʔ	’
θ	th
j	y
ʤ	j
x	kh
ð	dh
ʃ	sh
sˤ	ş
dˤ	ḑ
tˤ	ţ
ʕ	ʻ
ɣ	gh
ħ	ḩ
aː	ā
iː	ī
uː	ū

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: wib - wib shīti /wib ʃiːˈti/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	shā /ʃaː/ the	da /da/ a
Plural	i /i/ the	ah /ah/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

1st singular	ān /aːn/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	i /i/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	mas /mas/ he, him, his, it (masc), its (masc)
3rd singular fem	su /su/ she, her, hers, it (fem), its (fem)
1st plural	tū /tuː/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	dha /ða/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	hī /hiː/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	tā /taː/ my
2nd singular	kīsm /kiːsm/ your
3rd singular masc	ka /ka/ his
3rd singular fem	ūh /uːh/ her
1st plural	i /i/ our
2nd plural	mad /mad/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ki /ki/ their

Verbs

Future

If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ- Else: Prefix ʃaː- shādall /ʃaːˈdall/ will learn

Minargish uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ba - ba dall /ba dall/ learned

Numbers

Minargish has a base-20 number system:
1 - ha
2 - kad
3 - dū
4 - wī
5 - ā
6 - āsm
7 - kāhū
8 - hi
9 - ū
10 - ar
11 - hā
12 - uhur
13 - jī
14 - yī
15 - mā
16 - ūd
17 - kuk
18 - kī
19 - za
20 - bis
400 - khayy
8000 - kīn

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix xaː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jaː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix uːʕ-
Else: Prefix uːʕa-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix f-
Else: Prefix faː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix bu-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɣ-
Else: Prefix ɣa-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɣ-
Else: Prefix ɣa-
Tending to = Prefix ra-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix iː-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix xa-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix kiː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix uː-
Diminutive = Prefix ði-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix ma-
Language of = Suffix -izʔ

Spoken by

• Ghā
• Rān