Dwarvish

Natively known as: Khazadur /kɐːˈzʌːdʊɹ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
uttl zwo e mä ber sie uttl peckdt mä klychdt schpa omm knö
Pronunciation: /ʊtl ʦvɔ ə mɛ bɐ ziː ʊtl pekt mɛ klyçt ʃpaː ʔɔm knøː /
Dwarvish word order: and stood holding his hat he and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t v x z ç ŋ ʁ ʃ ʔ ʦ ʧ χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Stop	b p		d t			g k		ʔ
Affricate			ʦ	ʧ
Fricative		v f	z s	ʃ	ç	x	ʁ χ	h
Approximant					j
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a aɪ̯ aʊ̯ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ̯ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ
Diphthongs: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ ɔʏ̯ ?

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː yː i y		uː u
Near-high	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	eː øː e		oː o
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ œ ɛː		ɔ
Near-low		ɐ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
v	w
p	b / _#
t	dt / _#
ks	chs
x	ch
ç	ch
ʃ	sch
ʁ	r
z	s
k	ck / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
{m,b,l,t,n,p,s}	__ / {a,e,i,o,u,œ,ɐ,ɔ,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ,ʏ}_
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʦj	ti
ʦ	zt / _#
ʦ	z
iː	ie
ɛː	ä
ɛ	ä | e
œ	ö
aʊ	au
oː	o | oh | oo
ɔʏ̯	eu
ɔ	o
aɪ	ei | ai
yː	ü
ʏ	ü
uː	u | uh
ʊ	u
aː	a
ɐ	er / !_r
ɐ	e
ɪ	i
øː	ö
ø	ö
eː	ä | äh | e | eh | ee
ə	e
ʔ
̯

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Grammar

Main word order: Verb Object (Prepositional phrase) Subject. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Opened the door with a key mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Nominative	No affix schogng /ʃogŋ/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix h- Else: Prefix hɔʏ̯- heuschogng /ˈhɔʏ̯ʃogŋ/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix yːnʦ- Else: Prefix yːnʦʏ- ünzüsschogng /yːnˈʦʏʃogŋ/ dogʼs

Definite

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular	No affix trank /tʁaŋk/ the boy	No affix schü /ʃʏ/ the girl	No affix schogng /ʃogŋ/ the dog
Plural	Prefix uː- utrank /ˈuːtʁaŋk/ the boys	If starts with vowel: Prefix bʁ- Else: Prefix bʁiː- brieschü /ˈbʁiːʃʏ/ the girls	If starts with vowel: Prefix kʁ- Else: Prefix kʁɔʏ̯- kreuschogng /ˈkʁɔʏ̯ʃogŋ/ the dogs

Indefinite

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Singular	Prefix ga- gattrank /ˈgatʁaŋk/ a boy	Prefix faː- faschü /ˈfaːʃʏ/ a girl	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gɪ- gisschogng /ˈgɪʃogŋ/ a dog
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix bɛ- bättrank /ˈbɛtʁaŋk/ some boys	Prefix ʏ- üsschü /ˈʏʃʏ/ some girls	Prefix ə- eschogng /ˈəʃogŋ/ some dogs

Articles

Dwarvish encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st singular	fauchs /faʊ̯ks/ I	re /ʁə/ me	schnel /ʃnəl/ mine
2nd singular	schleigng /ʃlaɪ̯gŋ/ you	lie /liː/ you	scher /ʃɐ/ yours
3rd singular masc	sie /ziː/ he,	frau /fʁaʊ̯/ his,	pli /plɪ/ his,
3rd singular fem	zwuh /ʦvuː/ she,	blähch /bleːç/ her,	su /zʊ/ hers,
3rd singular neuter	o /ɔ/ it (neut)	schma /ʃma/ it (neut)	bie /biː/ its (neut)
1st plural	wer /vɐ/ we	hein /haɪ̯n/ us	dru /dʁuː/ ours
2nd plural	schrien /ʃʁiːn/ you all	winnts /vɪnts/ you all	pla /plaː/ yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	fen /feːn/ they (masc)	bluch /blux/ them (masc)	kai /kaɪ̯/ theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	dransdt /dʁaːnst/ they (fem)	schmi /ʃmi/ them (fem)	kwai /kvaɪ̯/ theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuter	gaungchs /gaʊ̯ŋks/ they (neut)	schwe /ʃve/ them (neut)	gli /glɪ/ theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	plo /plo/ my
2nd singular	si /zɪ/ your
3rd singular masc	mä /mɛ/ his
3rd singular fem	plu /plʊ/ her
3rd singular neuter	doogng /doːgŋ/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural	ennts /ʔents/ our
2nd plural	kre /kʁə/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	kle /kle/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	gonnf /gɔnf/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	frollsch /fʁolʃ/ their (neut)

Verbs

	Present	Past	Remote past
Masculine	No affix ko /ko/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/he/they (masc)) learn(s)	Prefix feː- fähko /ˈfeːko/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/he/they (masc)) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɐŋ- Else: Prefix ɐŋaɪ̯- erngeiko /ɐˈŋaɪ̯ko/ (I (masc)/we (masc)/you (masc)/you all (masc)/he/they (masc)) learned (long ago)
Feminine	No affix ko /ko/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/she/they (fem)) learn(s)	If starts with vowel: Prefix bl- Else: Prefix bla- blacko /ˈblako/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/she/they (fem)) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix kn- Else: Prefix knɔʏ̯- kneuko /ˈknɔʏ̯ko/ (I (fem)/we (fem)/you (fem)/you all (fem)/she/they (fem)) learned (long ago)
Neuter	No affix ko /ko/ (I (neut)/we (neut)/you (neut)/you all (neut)/it (neut)/they (neut)) learn(s)	Prefix ɛ- ecko /ˈɛko/ (I (neut)/we (neut)/you (neut)/you all (neut)/it (neut)/they (neut)) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃm- Else: Prefix ʃmɛ- schmecko /ˈʃmɛko/ (I (neut)/we (neut)/you (neut)/you all (neut)/it (neut)/they (neut)) learned (long ago)

Dwarvish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: faɪ̯ - fai ko /faɪ̯ ko/ will learn

Numbers

Dwarvish has a base-10 number system:
1 - draur
2 - fu
3 - ann
4 - grenkdt
5 - schroo
6 - jü
7 - kro
8 - kwerch
9 - grä
10 - ofdt
100 - sa
1000 - ummpf

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix pʁɛː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦ-
Else: Prefix ʦo-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix plʊ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix açk-
Else: Prefix açkɐ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ʦvə-
Noun to verb = Prefix knaː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ka-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix aʁ-
Else: Prefix aʁə-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix køː-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix a-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix a-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix fʁ-
Else: Prefix fʁøː-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix høː-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix kyː-

International Phonetic Alphabet Reader

Dictionary

3033 Words.

Spoken by

• Dunirr
• Khazadur