Orcish

Natively known as: ʊɹʊk /ˈʊɹʊk/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
u 'e izim gotz kve sus u kli kve bo gum may shevu
Pronunciation: /u ʔe ˈizim goʦ kve sus u kli kve bo gum maj ˈʃevu/
Uruk word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t v x z ʁ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʦ χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	b p		t d			k g			ʔ
Affricate			ʦ
Fricative		v f	s z	ʃ		x	χ ʁ	ʕ	h
Approximant					j
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
χ	kh
ʦ	tz
ʁ	r
ʃ	sh
ʔ	'

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	No affix hunkhret /ˈhunχʁet/ boy	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ki- kihunkhret /ˈkihunχʁet/ boys
Feminine	No affix tar /taʁ/ girl	Prefix a- atar /ˈataʁ/ girls
Neuter	No affix tmam /tmam/ dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix oʦ- Else: Prefix oʦa- otzatmam /ˈoʦatmam/ dogs

Articles

Uruk has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	rey /ʁej/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	stod /stod/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	'e /ʔe/ he, him, his,
3rd singular fem	zmel /zmel/ she, her, hers,
3rd singular neuter	bnitz /bniʦ/ it (neut), its (neut)
1st plural inclusive	lud /lud/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	zo /zo/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	zme /zme/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	dvud /dvud/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	do /do/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuter	yad /jad/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	gon /gon/ my
2nd singular	'as /ʔas/ your
3rd singular masc	kve /kve/ his
3rd singular fem	ra /ʁa/ her
3rd singular neuter	klak /klak/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural inclusive	kvu /kvu/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	kle /kle/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	kma /kma/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	kul /kul/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	se /se/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	pel /pel/ their (neut)

Verbs

Present	No affix 'uk /ʔuk/ learn
Past	Prefix a- a'uk /ˈaʔuk/ learned
Future	If starts with vowel: Prefix oʃm- Else: Prefix oʃme- oshme'uk /ˈoʃmeʔuk/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Uruk uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

If starts with vowel: Prefix am- Else: Prefix amo- amo'uk /ˈamoʔuk/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Uruk uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: om - om 'uk /om ʔuk/ learns

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Uruk uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Reduplicate first part of first syllable 'u'uk /ˈʔuʔuk/ have learned

Numbers

Uruk has a base-20 number system:
1 - bog
2 - nav
3 - get
4 - zir
5 - khush
6 - befshi
7 - el
8 - kha
9 - muvkhitz
10 - ne
11 - shi
12 - zmav
13 - tmi
14 - nun
15 - tza
16 - zmo
17 - lah
18 - o
19 - sit
20 - ka'
400 - khul
8000 - kmaf

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -i
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -an
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -e
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -i
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ot
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χni
Else: Suffix -iχni
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ma
Else: Suffix -ama
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ
Else: Suffix -iχ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix a-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -im
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix iz-
Else: Prefix iza-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -oʦ
Diminutive = Suffix -a
Augmentative = Suffix -u

International Phonetic Alphabet Reader

Dictionary

3012 Words.

Spoken by

• Uruk