Orcish

Natively known as: ʊɹʊk /ˈʊɹʊk/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
u 'e izim gotz kve sus u kli kve bo gum may shevu
Pronunciation: /u ʔe ˈizim goʦ kve sus u kli kve bo gum maj ˈʃevu/
Uruk word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t v x z ʁ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʦ χ  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarUvularPharyngealGlottal
Nasalmn
Stopb pt dk gʔ
Affricateʦ
Fricativev fs zʃxχ ʁʕh
Approximantj
Lateral approximantl
  Vowel inventory: a e i o u  
FrontBack
Highiu
High-mideo
Lowa
  Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable ?   Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
jy
χkh
ʦtz
ʁr
ʃsh
ʔ'
 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?  

Nouns

 
SingularPlural
MasculineNo affix
hunkhret /ˈhunχʁet/ boy
If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ki-
kihunkhret /ˈkihunχʁet/ boys
FeminineNo affix
tar /taʁ/ girl
Prefix a-
atar /ˈataʁ/ girls
NeuterNo affix
tmam /tmam/ dog
If starts with vowel: Prefix oʦ-
Else: Prefix oʦa-
otzatmam /ˈoʦatmam/ dogs
 

Articles

  Uruk has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.
 

Pronouns

 
1st singularrey /ʁej/ I, me, mine
2nd singularstod /stod/ you, yours
3rd singular masc'e /ʔe/ he, him, his,
3rd singular femzmel /zmel/ she, her, hers,
3rd singular neuterbnitz /bniʦ/ it (neut), its (neut)
1st plural inclusivelud /lud/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusivezo /zo/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd pluralzme /zme/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural mascdvud /dvud/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural femdo /do/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuteryad /jad/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)
 

Possessive determiners

 
Possessive
1st singulargon /gon/ my
2nd singular'as /ʔas/ your
3rd singular masckve /kve/ his
3rd singular femra /ʁa/ her
3rd singular neuterklak /klak/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural inclusivekvu /kvu/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusivekle /kle/ our (excluding you)
2nd pluralkma /kma/ your (pl)
3rd plural masckul /kul/ their (masc)
3rd plural femse /se/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuterpel /pel/ their (neut)
 

Verbs

 
PresentNo affix
'uk /ʔuk/ learn
PastPrefix a-
a'uk /ˈaʔuk/ learned
FutureIf starts with vowel: Prefix oʃm-
Else: Prefix oʃme-
oshme'uk /ˈoʃmeʔuk/ will learn
 

Progressive aspect

  The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Uruk uses an affix for progressive:  
ProgressiveIf starts with vowel: Prefix am-
Else: Prefix amo-
amo'uk /ˈamoʔuk/ is learning
 

Habitual aspect

  The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Uruk uses a standalone particle word for habitual:
HabitualParticle before the verb: om -
om 'uk /om ʔuk/ learns
 

Perfect aspect

  The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Uruk uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectReduplicate first part of first syllable
'u'uk /ˈʔuʔuk/ have learned
 

Numbers

  Uruk has a base-20 number system:   1 - bog
2 - nav
3 - get
4 - zir
5 - khush
6 - befshi
7 - el
8 - kha
9 - muvkhitz
10 - ne
11 - shi
12 - zmav
13 - tmi
14 - nun
15 - tza
16 - zmo
17 - lah
18 - o
19 - sit
20 - ka'
400 - khul
8000 - kmaf
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -i
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -an
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -e
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -i
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ot
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χni
Else: Suffix -iχni
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ma
Else: Suffix -ama
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ
Else: Suffix -iχ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix a-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -im
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix iz-
Else: Prefix iza-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -oʦ
Diminutive = Suffix -a
Augmentative = Suffix -u

Dictionary

3012 Words.
Spoken by