Nem (Faren language)

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Nem is the native language of the Farens of Farensal, but it is also used widely as the common language all over the Southern Continent.

Nem is distantly related to Aradal.

Sosiolinguistics

Nem is the most widely spoken language on Salan. Nem is the major prestige language of the Southern Continent, and in addition to the native speaking community, it is also widely studied by the learned people of the surrounding nations.

Much of Nem's prestige stems from the speakers' control of the fertile farmland of the river valleys, which promoted quick population growth and wealth, but Nem speaking culture has also had a great impact on its surroundings. The Nem alphabet was the first writing system that was invented, and literacy in Nem spread the Faren culture widely.

by Tuisku

Writing System

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The Nem script is the most widely used writing system of Salan. The script is an alphabet, and the typical writing direction is from the left to the right and top to bottom.

According to the myths, the Nem script was gifted to the people by the God Naruseiń, who revealed the skill of writing to the people of Fares.

Symbols

Because the script was developed specifically for Nem, the system is fairly regular and well suited to writing in Nem. There are 22 main letters that represent vowels and consonants. In addition, diacritics are used to mark the long vowels

Usage

The Nem script is the most widely used writing system on Salan. It is used for writing the Nem variants, and also for other primary languages of the continent such as Aradal and Tasal language and it has yielded many variations, such as the zeribian abjad. However, the literacy rate of the population is low, and the most of the commoners especially in the countryside can't read or write.

Variations

The example text here is written in the monumental font, intended to be carved on stone or otherwise used for public display. In the handwriting version of the script the letter shapes are more round, and they are written partially connected.

Example text

The following is an excerpt from the beginning of the tale of the Heroes Daursan and Kauteirin.

Punctuation

The words are usually separated by a small space. The sentences can be separated with either a long line or with a dot, but there is a huge variation in if and how punctuation is used.

Phonology

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Vowels

i ɛ a u ɔ (written as /ieauo/)
Long vowels: í, é á ú ó
Diphtongs: ai, ei, oi, ui, au

Consonants

	bilabial	alveolar	palatal	velar
nasal	m	n	ń
stop	p b	t d		k g
fricative	f	s	ɕ~ç	h
approximant	w	l	y
other	affricate: c (t͡s)	trill: r

Nem phonology prevents and consonant clusters longer than two consonants. Consonant clusters are not allowed word initially or word finally. The affricate c (ts) is treated as single consonant, and is allowed in the beginning of words.

Nem also resists long sequences of alternating consonants and short vowels (CVCVCV). Thus Proto-Ara-Faren words such as arama 'bad' and balama 'fat' are rendered in Nem as arma and balma (compare to Aradal aräm and waläm )

Morphology

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Verbs

The verbs have 3 tenses: preterite, present and future, and 3 persons. The verb also agrees in number, but the similarity between 2nd and 3rd person suffixes (ń, n) and the plural suffix (n) has made explicit plural marking disappear in some verb and dialects.

In addition to the indicative stem, the verbs also have a so-called long stem, which is identical to the imperative form. The long stem is used to conjugate the verb in some subordinate clauses. Due to the sound changes that have happened in Nem, the difference is usually no longer in the lenght of the vowels but in quality, as we see with mauńa -> muińu
The conjugation of mauńa 'to wash'

Nouns

The nem nouns have 7 cases and two numbers, singular and plural.

The nouns belong to either of two main declension classes, named by the plural endings: n-class (animate nouns), or a-class (inanimate nouns).

Declension of A1-class nouns

	singular	plural	meaning
nominative	far	faren	human
accusative	fare	fareni	human (object)
possessive	farim	farenim	human's
dative	faret	farenek	to a human
locative	fares	farenes	in/at a human
ablative	farei	farenei	from a human
comitative	fallit	farennit	with a human / related to human

The nominative is unmarked, and is used for the subject of the sentence, while the accusative marks the object:
Run ante ás-á yarsa-d!
Dog(NOM) that I-ACC bite-PST
'That dog bit me!'

The possessive case is used for marking the owner:
Yai-n Alten, silmu hamr-at ás-im felin-et çeille!
holy.PL lord.PL night time.DAT I.POSS house.DAT come.IMP
'Dear Lords, come to my house for the night!'

The Locative, dative and ablative cases are used for marking the location. Locative marks the general location:
Fenér cana-s ke-n.
sailor boat.LOC be-3.PRES
'The sailor is on the boat'

Dative marks the movement towards a location:
Yain Alten, silmu hamr-at ás-im felin-et çeille!
holy lord.PL night time.DAT I.POSS house.DAT come.IMP
'Dear Lords, come to my house for the night!'

Ablative marks the movement away from a location:
ná Kur-ú béce-d sal-ei yé-s alte ked
and Cyrus.ACC call.PST.3 land-ABL that.LOC lord be-PST.3
'And he called Cyrus away from the land where he was ruling'

The comitative-instrumental case marks many of the remaining relationships between nouns. It behaves like genitive where there is no literal possession ("spirits OF the forest", even though the forest does not own the spirits):

Sawa-lit áda-n Kauteirin-et nemme-d-en
Forest-COM spirit.PL Kauteirin-DAT speak-PST-PL
‘The spirits of the forest spoke to Kauteirin’

It also marks with whom of with what tool something is done:

Sasinfa-lit say keińi-n kein nemliní yonu-d-an
Sasinfa-COM two child-PL be.IRR to.speak hear-PST-PL
‘They heard a word that two sons were living with Sasinfa’

Adjectives

Adjectives of Nem have both verbal and noun-like properties. The adjectives agree with the nouns in number, but not in case:
kein çar 'a small child'
keińin çara 'the small children'
keińek çar 'to a small child'
keińinek çara 'to the small children'

The adjectives don't require copula (be-verb) like nouns:
kein ren ken 'the child is a man (male)'
kein çare 'the child is small'
kein tálad 'the child is dead / the child died / the dead child'


Adjectives ending in consonants have verbal forms ending in a vowel (ul->ulu):
Des faidu felet ul 'I don't like a dark house'
Feleses ulu 'my house is dark'

Syntax

The basic word order of Nem is SOV, but it is quite flexible.
More on word orders:
N GEN toitu astim 'my rabbit'
N AP toitu sasse 'white rabbit'
N DEM toitu ente 'this rabbit'
NP ADP savas serme 'in the middle of forest' (literally: forest-in middle)

Questions
Interrogative clauses have the normal word order. Polar question (yes/no) are formed with the interrogative prefix an:
Pend-í an-mauńa-n? 'Did you wash your hands?' (literally: hand-ACC Q-wash-you)
Content questions usually have both the interrogative prefix and the question word:
Çaurinnit, násal sallinfeles an-ken?
sorry where bathroom Q-is
'Excuse me, where is the toilet?'

Nem, written in the Nem Script

Root Languages

• Proto-Ara-Faren

Spoken by

• Farens

Common phrases

Ande / tain / silmu aime

Good (literally:beautiful) morning/day/night

Nalit çellen?

How are you? (how are you going)

Ainkan, çauras.

I'm fine, thank you

Nennit des nemmes.

I don't speak Nem

çaurinnit, yente çarkan neime!

Please say that again!

Yenté neire anándan?

Could you write that?

Uińu walmar ken, felet ásim ançelnan?

You are very beautiful, do you want to come to my home?

Ampa çeile!

Go away!

Laun ásim ante lased

My dog ate it!

Palaksára weles. Áset áskaiya raun des neilen, kaiya yán macet uinit palgakas.

I have a catapult. If you won't give me all your money, I'll throw a huge rock on your head.

Dialectal variation

The largest phonological differences in Nem dialects are how the Proto-Ara-Faren long vowels are realised. In Standard Nem all of them, exept á, have gone through diphtongisation. Some dialects have produced different diphtongs, or retained some of the original long vowels. These original long vowels are often still represented in the writing system.
Later many dialects have been influenced by the Standard Nem, or encountered other influences that have made them less similar to it. The dialects of Der Fem Island have many loans and even some grammatical influence from the bilingual Ngad i zerib (Zeribian language) speakers, and especially common are the loan translations of Zeribian compound words. The Eastern dialects are strongly influenced by Aradal, and can be classified as transitional dialects between Aradal and Nem.