Beribonese
LANGUAGE FAMILY: TYRILAN
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 7.1M / #6
SPOKEN IN: Beribon (North) - 3.3M / Beribon (South) - 2.5M / Uvan Empire - 1M / Kahrilo - 300K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: ca˦l a˦rduh bau̯˦t pa˦nduh a˦ ma˦nke˦k ca˦l bu˦uh a˦ e˦l ki˦tau̯˦khe˦h ku˦ pu˦te˦ Pronunciation: ʧa˦l a˦rˈduh bau̯˦t pa˦nˈduh a˦ ma˦nˈke˦k ʧa˦l ˈbu˦uh a˦ e˦l ˈki˦tau̯˦khe˦h ku˦ ˈpu˦te˦ Beribonese word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a ai̯ au̯ e i o u/
Diphthongs: ai̯, au̯
Tones: ˦
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, d, fr, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, r, s, sh, st, t, tr, w, ɡ, ɡr, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bʤ, d, f, h, hk, j, k, kh, kk, ks, kt, kɲ, l, lk, m, mb, ml, mp, n, nd, nk, ns, nt, ntr, nɲ, nʤ, nʧ, p, pk, pt, r, rb, rd, rh, rk, rl, rm, rn, rp, rs, rt, rɡ, rʤ, rʧ, s, sk, st, str, t, tk, w, ŋ, ŋh, ŋk, ŋl, ŋs, ŋɡ, ɡ, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Word final consonants: b, h, k, l, ll, m, n, nd, nt, p, r, rd, s, t, w, ŋ Phonological changes (in order of application):
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Beribonese uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Beribonese uses an affix for imperfective:
2 - me˦
3 - ti˦rd
4 - tu˦
5 - ba˦h
6 - re˦
7 - mi˦
8 - a˦k
9 - je˦
10 - be˦
11 - ki˦we˦
12 - mai̯˦nd
13 - du˦w
14 - ta˦ha˦
15 - me˦tkai̯˦ko˦s
16 - pau̯˦rsi˦
17 - a˦nti˦
18 - e˦pkau̯˦kai̯˦w
19 - re˦nai̯˦ta˦
20 - re˦nglau̯˦tau̯˦
21 - re˦nglau̯˦tau̯˦o˦ll “twenty-one”
400 - o˦ll mi˦b “one fourhundred”
401 - o˦ll mi˦b o˦ll “one fourhundred one”
800 - me˦ mi˦b “two fourhundred”
8000 - o˦ll e˦p “one eightthousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix a˦-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix e˦-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ai̯˦-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ku˦-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tu˦-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix a˦-
Tending to = Prefix i˦-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix e˦-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix ba˦-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix u˦-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma˦-
Diminutive = Prefix i˦-
Augmentative = Prefix bai̯˦-
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: ca˦l a˦rduh bau̯˦t pa˦nduh a˦ ma˦nke˦k ca˦l bu˦uh a˦ e˦l ki˦tau̯˦khe˦h ku˦ pu˦te˦ Pronunciation: ʧa˦l a˦rˈduh bau̯˦t pa˦nˈduh a˦ ma˦nˈke˦k ʧa˦l ˈbu˦uh a˦ e˦l ˈki˦tau̯˦khe˦h ku˦ ˈpu˦te˦ Beribonese word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f h j k l m n p r s t w ŋ ɡ ɲ ʤ ʧ/↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Stop | p b | t d | k ɡ | ||||
Affricate | ʧ ʤ | ||||||
Fricative | f | s | h | ||||
Approximant | j | ||||||
Trill | r | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i | u |
High-mid | e | o |
Low | a |
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, d, fr, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, r, s, sh, st, t, tr, w, ɡ, ɡr, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bʤ, d, f, h, hk, j, k, kh, kk, ks, kt, kɲ, l, lk, m, mb, ml, mp, n, nd, nk, ns, nt, ntr, nɲ, nʤ, nʧ, p, pk, pt, r, rb, rd, rh, rk, rl, rm, rn, rp, rs, rt, rɡ, rʤ, rʧ, s, sk, st, str, t, tk, w, ŋ, ŋh, ŋk, ŋl, ŋs, ŋɡ, ɡ, ɲ, ʤ, ʧ
Word final consonants: b, h, k, l, ll, m, n, nd, nt, p, r, rd, s, t, w, ŋ Phonological changes (in order of application):
- a → i / _k
- e → oe / _c
- c → q / _i
- u → uo / _n
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
ʧ | c |
ɡ | g |
ŋ | ng |
j | y |
ʤ | j |
ɲ | ny |
Grammar
Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase)."Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
Nouns have six cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
- Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
- Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
Singular
Animate | Inanimate | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sa˦- sa˦te˦la˦ /sa˦ˈte˦la˦/ | Prefix bau̯˦- bau̯˦ta˦s /bau̯˦ˈta˦s/ |
Accusative | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma˦- ma˦te˦la˦ /ˈma˦te˦la˦/ | Prefix sho˦- sho˦ta˦s /ˈsho˦ta˦s/ |
Genitive | If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix bo˦- bo˦te˦la˦ /bo˦ˈte˦la˦/ | Prefix u˦- u˦ta˦s /ˈu˦ta˦s/ |
Dative | Prefix au̯˦- au̯˦te˦la˦ /ˈau̯˦te˦la˦/ | Prefix la˦- la˦ta˦s /la˦ˈta˦s/ |
Locative | If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix te˦- te˦te˦la˦ /te˦ˈte˦la˦/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ti˦- ti˦ta˦s /ˈti˦ta˦s/ |
Ablative | Prefix ma˦- ma˦te˦la˦ /ˈma˦te˦la˦/ | Prefix se˦- se˦ta˦s /ˈse˦ta˦s/ |
Plural
Animate | Inanimate | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mu˦- mu˦te˦la˦ /ˈmu˦te˦la˦/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix se˦- se˦ta˦s /ˈse˦ta˦s/ |
Accusative | Prefix e˦- e˦te˦la˦ /ˈe˦te˦la˦/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ta˦- ta˦ta˦s /ˈta˦ta˦s/ |
Genitive | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ- Else: Prefix ʤe˦- je˦te˦la˦ /ˈʤe˦te˦la˦/ | Prefix bi˦- bi˦ta˦s /ˈbi˦ta˦s/ |
Dative | Prefix a˦- a˦te˦la˦ /ˈa˦te˦la˦/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix du˦- du˦ta˦s /ˈdu˦ta˦s/ |
Locative | Prefix ai̯˦- ai̯˦te˦la˦ /ˈai̯˦te˦la˦/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix be˦- be˦ta˦s /ˈbe˦ta˦s/ |
Ablative | If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ku˦- ku˦te˦la˦ /ˈku˦te˦la˦/ | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi˦- mi˦ta˦s /mi˦ˈta˦s/ |
Articles
Definite | Indefinite | |
---|---|---|
Singular | o˦ /o˦/ the | nyau̯˦n /ɲau̯˦n/ a |
Plural | te˦ /te˦/ the | u˦k /u˦k/ some |
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Locative | Ablative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st singular | mai̯˦ /mai̯˦/ I | do˦ /do˦/ me | tu˦ /tu˦/ mine | u˦n /u˦n/ to me | re˦n /re˦n/ at me | plai̯˦ /plai̯˦/ from me |
2nd singular | ca˦h /ʧa˦h/ you (masc) | a˦ /a˦/ you | te˦ /te˦/ yours | mi˦n /mi˦n/ to you | ma˦k /ma˦k/ at you | lau̯˦n /lau̯˦n/ from you |
3rd singular masc | bau̯˦t /bau̯˦t/ he, it | ni˦ng /ni˦ŋ/ him, it | do˦ll /do˦ll/ his, its | sa˦ng /sa˦ŋ/ to him, at it | trau̯˦ll /trau̯˦ll/ at him, at it | i˦n /i˦n/ from him, from it |
3rd singular fem | bo˦ /bo˦/ she, it | pa˦ /pa˦/ her, it | ma˦h /ma˦h/ hers, its | ti˦ /ti˦/ to her, at it | e˦n /e˦n/ at her, at it | nyau̯˦h /ɲau̯˦h/ from her, from it |
1st plural | wu˦ /wu˦/ we | u˦ /u˦/ us | mu˦ /mu˦/ ours | o˦ /o˦/ to us | ma˦nt /ma˦nt/ at us | ki˦ /ki˦/ from us |
2nd plural | ta˦ /ta˦/ you all | ma˦ /ma˦/ you all | i˦ /i˦/ yours (pl) | bi˦ /bi˦/ to you all | se˦m /se˦m/ at you all | ba˦ /ba˦/ from you all |
3rd plural | bai̯˦ /bai̯˦/ they | pu˦ng /pu˦ŋ/ them | ki˦h /ki˦h/ theirs | ku˦ /ku˦/ to them | a˦t /a˦t/ at them | ke˦ /ke˦/ from them |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | me˦rd /me˦rd/ my |
2nd singular | ku˦ /ku˦/ your |
3rd singular masc | a˦ /a˦/ his |
3rd singular fem | e˦ /e˦/ her |
1st plural | pu˦h /pu˦h/ our |
2nd plural | sto˦ /sto˦/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | bu˦ /bu˦/ their |
Verbs
Present | Past | Remote past | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | Prefix a˦- a˦po˦ruh /ˈa˦po˦ruh/ (I) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pa˦- pa˦po˦ruh /pa˦ˈpo˦ruh/ (I) learned | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʧ- Else: Prefix ʧa˦- ca˦po˦ruh /ˈʧa˦po˦ruh/ (I) learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
2nd singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ti˦- ti˦po˦ruh /ti˦ˈpo˦ruh/ (you) learn | Prefix be˦- be˦po˦ruh /be˦ˈpo˦ruh/ (you) learned | If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ku˦- ku˦po˦ruh /ˈku˦po˦ruh/ (you) learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
3rd singular | Prefix ta˦- ta˦po˦ruh /ˈta˦po˦ruh/ (he/she/it) learns | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ- Else: Prefix ʤe˦- je˦po˦ruh /ˈʤe˦po˦ruh/ (he/she/it) learned | Prefix bu˦- bu˦po˦ruh /bu˦ˈpo˦ruh/ (he/she/it) learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
1st plural | Prefix mi˦- mi˦po˦ruh /mi˦ˈpo˦ruh/ (we) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ki˦- ki˦po˦ruh /ˈki˦po˦ruh/ (we) learned | Prefix e˦- e˦po˦ruh /ˈe˦po˦ruh/ (we) learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
2nd plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix tr- Else: Prefix trai̯˦- trai̯˦po˦ruh /ˈtrai̯˦po˦ruh/ (you all) learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sa˦- sa˦po˦ruh /sa˦ˈpo˦ruh/ (you all) learned | If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma˦- ma˦po˦ruh /ˈma˦po˦ruh/ (you all) learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
3rd plural | Prefix ma˦- ma˦po˦ruh /ˈma˦po˦ruh/ (they) learn | Prefix ba˦- ba˦po˦ruh /ba˦ˈpo˦ruh/ (they) learned | If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix be˦- be˦po˦ruh /ˈbe˦po˦ruh/ (they) learned (lonɡ aɡo) |
Future | Particle before the verb: e˦k - e˦k po˦ruh /e˦k po˦ˈruh/ will learn |
Imperfective | If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix te˦- te˦po˦ruh /ˈte˦po˦ruh/ learns/is learninɡ |
Numbers
Beribonese has a base-20 number system: 1 - o˦ll2 - me˦
3 - ti˦rd
4 - tu˦
5 - ba˦h
6 - re˦
7 - mi˦
8 - a˦k
9 - je˦
10 - be˦
11 - ki˦we˦
12 - mai̯˦nd
13 - du˦w
14 - ta˦ha˦
15 - me˦tkai̯˦ko˦s
16 - pau̯˦rsi˦
17 - a˦nti˦
18 - e˦pkau̯˦kai̯˦w
19 - re˦nai̯˦ta˦
20 - re˦nglau̯˦tau̯˦
21 - re˦nglau̯˦tau̯˦o˦ll “twenty-one”
400 - o˦ll mi˦b “one fourhundred”
401 - o˦ll mi˦b o˦ll “one fourhundred one”
800 - me˦ mi˦b “two fourhundred”
8000 - o˦ll e˦p “one eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix ma˦-Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix a˦-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix e˦-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ai̯˦-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ku˦-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tu˦-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix a˦-
Tending to = Prefix i˦-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix e˦-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix ba˦-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix u˦-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix ma˦-
Diminutive = Prefix i˦-
Augmentative = Prefix bai̯˦-
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