Dokkand

LANGUAGE FAMILY: TOL YLIDOC
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING:
SPOKEN IN: Bluepool, Dokeen
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: var ai̯˥ teia kaɨa ui̯˧ suu var vaa ui̯˧ gaːn chə
Pronunciation: var ɑi̯˥ ˈteia ˈkaɨa ui̯˧ suː var ˈvaa ui̯˧ gaːn chə

Dokkand word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f fː h j k kː l lː m mː n nː p pː r rː s sː t tː ŋ ʋ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m mː		n nː		ŋ
Stop	p pː b		t tː d		k kː
Fricative		f fː	s sː			h
Approximant		ʋ		j
Trill			r rː
Lateral approximant			l lː

Vowel inventory: /e ei̯ eu̯ i iː o oi̯ ou̯ oː u ui̯ uo̯ uː ɑ ɑi̯ ɑu̯ ɑː/
Diphthongs: ei̯, eu̯, oi̯, ou̯, ui̯, uo̯, ɑi̯, ɑu̯
Tones: ˧ ˥ ˧˥ ˨˩˦ ˥˩

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
High-mid	e	o oː
Low		ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: d, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, ʋ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, f, fː, h, hd, hj, hk, hm, ht, hʋ, j, k, ks, kː, l, lh, lj, lk, ll, lm, lp, lpː, lt, ltː, lʋ, lː, m, mp, mpː, mː, n, nh, np, nr, ns, nsː, nt, ntː, nː, p, ps, pt, pː, r, rh, rj, rk, rkː, rm, rp, rst, rt, rʋ, rː, s, sk, st, sː, t, tk, tn, ts, tː, ŋk, ŋkː, ʋ
Word final consonants: ks, l, n, p, rt, s, t
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• w → v / #_
• l → n / #_V[+nasal]
• p → b / V_V
• k → g / _{w,j}

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʋ	v
tː	tt
lː	ll
sː	ss
kː	kk
fː	ff
ŋ	n
æː	ää
æ	ä
yː	yy
ɑː	aa
ɑ	a
ø	ö
oː	oo
uː	uu
iː	ii
eː	ee

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have both a plural affix and dual affix for precisely two things.

Singular	No affix gei /ˈgei/ dog
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -i˧p geip /ˈgeip/ dogs
Dual	Suffix -u˥˩p geiu˥˩p /ˈgeiu˥˩p/

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	aa˧ /ɑː˧/ the	e˥ /e˥/ a
Plural	oo˥˩ /oː˥˩/ the	ai̯˥˩ /ɑi̯˥˩/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used with place names: ‘The London’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

1st singular	ii˧ /iː˧/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	i˨˩˦ /i˨˩˦/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ai̯˥ /ɑi̯˥/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	uu˥ /uː˥/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	uu˧ /uː˧/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	e˥˩ /e˥˩/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	oi̯˨˩˦ /oi̯˨˩˦/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	uo̯˨˩˦ /uo̯˨˩˦/ my
2nd singular	o˥ /o˥/ your
3rd singular masc	ui̯˧ /ui̯˧/ his
3rd singular fem	uu˥ /uː˥/ her
1st plural	a˥˩ /ɑ˥˩/ our
2nd plural	eu̯˧˥ /eu̯˧˥/ your (pl)
3rd plural	u˥ /u˥/ their

Verbs

Present	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rt Else: Suffix -ɑː˥rt geiχart /ˈgeiχart/ learn
Past	No affix geiχa /ˈgeiχa/ learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -i˧p geiχap /ˈgeiχap/ learned (long ago)
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ɑ˥l geiχal /ˈgeiχal/ will learn

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Dokkand uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If ends with vowel: Suffix -rt Else: Suffix -ɑː˧rt geiχart /ˈgeiχart/ have learned

Numbers

Dokkand has a base-20 number system:
1 - omba
2 - binarah
3 - hɔɨs
4 - tɪ
5 - samloo
6 - nau
7 - nuunn
8 - sattoo
9 - ru
10 - ntɪn
11 - koonr̥ɔð
12 - n̥uθ
13 - θjɔint
14 - ðiirɨː
15 - həur
16 - ys
17 - kʊhu
18 - paild
19 - sdɨdru
20 - ɛvr
21 - ɛvromba “twenty-one”
400 - blee “fourhundred”
401 - blee omba “fourhundred one”
800 - binarah blee “two fourhundred”
8000 - gɨθɪr “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ld Else: Suffix -ɔld
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -hal
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -thub
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ou-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -aɨ̯i
Noun to verb = Suffix -aa
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -sii
Tending to = Suffix -ai
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -dau
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -əu̯
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -am
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛn
Diminutive = Suffix -ɨb
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð Else: Suffix -ai̯ð
Opposite = Prefix uu-

Dictionary

4519 Words.