Edrussis Dra

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 400K / #44
SPOKEN IN: Beurin - 300K / Rello - 100K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: sȁ dìp ī pū dìp kāmȕm sȁ mȍ dìp mònā tūk jír tū
Pronunciation: sȁ dìp ī pū dìp kāˈmȕmʲ sȁ mȍ dìp mòˈnā tūk jír tū

Edrussis Dra word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f fʲ g h j k l lʲ m mʲ n nʲ p r rʲ s sʲ t tʲ v w x z zʲ ɕː ɥ ʁ ʂ ʃ ʋ ʒ ʔ ʦ ʨ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m mʲ		n nʲ
Stop	p b		t tʲ d					k g		ʔ
Affricate			ʦ			ʨ
Fricative		f fʲ v	s sʲ z zʲ	ʃ ʒ	ʂ	ɕː		x	ʁ	h
Approximant		ʋ					j
Trill			r rʲ
Lateral approximant			l lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/
Tones: ̏ ̀ ̄ ́ ̋

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bj, bl, bw, bʁ, d, dw, dʁw, f, fl, fw, fʁ, fʁɥ, g, gl, gʁ, j, k, kl, kw, kɥ, kʁ, kʁw, l, lj, lw, lɥ, m, mj, mw, n, nw, nɥ, p, pj, pl, pw, pɥ, pʁ, s, sp, st, stʁ, sw, sɥ, t, tj, tʁ, tʁw, v, vj, vw, vʁ, w, z, ɥ, ʁ, ʁj, ʁw, ʃ, ʃw, ʒ, ʒw, ʒɥ
Mid-word consonants: h, k, l, m, n, p, ʋ, ʔ
Word final consonants: blʲ, brʲ, f, fʲ, j, k, kst, kt, l, lk, lp, lʲ, lʲm, m, mʲ, n, nk, nkt, nt, ntr, nʲ, p, r, rk, rs, rt, rtʲ, rx, rʲ, s, sk, sl, st, str, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, t, tr, tʲ, x, z, zm, zʲnʲ, ɕː, ʂ, ʂtʲ, ʦ, ʨ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• e → i / #_
• l → h / _k
• a → ∅ / _V
• o → u / _#
• n → ŋ / _#
• h → ʔ / _#
• di → ʣ / _V
• s → ʤ / {i,u}_V

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʨ	che
x	khz
ʐ	dzh
ʂ	ch
ʦ	tz
ʲ	∅
ɕː	shch

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

	Animate	Inanimate
Singular	Suffix -ȁn gìȁn /gìˈȁn/	Suffix -a̋ pősta̋ /pősˈta̋/
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ȁk gìk /gìk/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ȍp pőstȍp /pősˈtȍp/

Articles

Edrussis Dra has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	mì /mì/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	wi̋zn /wi̋zʲnʲ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	dìp /dìp/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	vʁōn /vʁōn/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	ī /ī/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	mȉ /mȉ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	ū /ū/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	mì /mì/ my
2nd singular	wi̋zn /wi̋zʲnʲ/ your
3rd singular masc	dìp /dìp/ his
3rd singular fem	vʁōn /vʁōn/ her
1st plural	ī /ī/ our
2nd plural	mȉ /mȉ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ū /ū/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix kím /kím/ learn
Past	Suffix -ù kímù /kíˈmù/ learned

Edrussis Dra uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: kȍ - kȍ kím /kȍ kím/ will learn

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Edrussis Dra uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -ȉ kímȉ /kíˈmȉ/ have learned

Numbers

Edrussis Dra has a base-20 number system:
1 - gī
2 - mȅ
3 - ȍk
4 - kàp
5 - mè
6 - āl
7 - mì
8 - pēn
9 - jám
10 - kȅnī
11 - mìlá
12 - gʁȁpìm
13 - űtz
14 - ma̋pēhi̋
15 - mút
16 - mālút
17 - őnēmȉ
18 - i̋rs
19 - ʒwe̋ʔe̋pù
20 - mál
21 - gī sȁ mál “one and twenty”
400 - ō “fourhundred”
401 - ō gī “fourhundred one”
800 - mȅ ō “two fourhundred”
8000 - ístr “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -òl
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʨ Else: Suffix -ȕʨ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ȉ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ìs
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ȉm
Noun to verb = Suffix -ȁz
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt Else: Suffix -ánt
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ók
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lk Else: Suffix -ȕlk
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -i̋
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ȕt
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -àj
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -īs
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ȉs

Dictionary

4445 Words.