Farhsat

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ISHADIC
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 150K / #58
SPOKEN IN: Sekh Anoob (Nurayah) - 150K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: la˨n ka˥ka˦ka˨d ka˦n ha˦n la˦ a˧ta˩ la˨n ka˧la˧n la˦ sa˥h qa˥ba˩ ka˥ ka˦ma˥n
Pronunciation: la˨n ka˥ˈka˦ka˨d ka˦n ha˦n la˦ ˈa˧ta˩ la˨n ˈka˧la˧n la˦ sa˥h ˈqa˥ɓa˩ ka˥ ˈka˦ma˥n

Farhsat word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z ð ŋ ɓ ɗ ɠ ɣ ɲ ʃ ʄ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p b			t d		c	k g	q
Implosive	ɓ			ɗ		ʄ	ɠ
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ		x ɣ		h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y/
Tones: ˥ ˩ ˨ ˦ ˧

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, c, d, dh, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, mm, n, nk, q, rr, s, sh, t, w, x
Mid-word consonants: f, ff, fl, fs, h, j, k, ks, kt, kw, l, lf, lm, m, mb, mj, mk, ml, mp, mr, mt, mv, mw, mz, mʧ, n, nd, nk, ns, nz, nʤ, nʧ, p, r, rn, rð, s, sk, sl, st, t, tw, v, vj, w, z, zw, ð, ŋg, ŋgw, ɓ, ɓl, ɓw, ɓɗ, ɗ, ɠ, ɣ, ɲ, ɲw, ʃ, ʄ, ʧ, ʧw, θ
Word final consonants: b, d, g, h, n, r, s, wr
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• [+stop] → ∅ / #_[+fricative]
• h → q / _#
• j → d / #_
• h → ∅ / V_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛ	e
ɔ	o
ɲ	ny
ɓ	b
j	y
ʄ	j
ɗ	d
ɠ	g
ð	dh
θ	th
ŋg	ng
ŋ	ng'
ʃ	sh
ɣ	gh
x	kh
ʧ	ch
nʤ	nj

Grammar

Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have five cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka˩- ka˩ba˥wr /ˈka˩ba˥wr/ dog (when doing the verb)	Prefix ka˥- ka˥ba˥wr /ˈka˥ba˥wr/ dogs (when doing the verb)
Accusative	Prefix ka˦- ka˦ba˥wr /ˈka˦ba˥wr/ (verb done to) dog	Prefix a˨- a˨ba˥wr /ˈa˨ba˥wr/ (verb done to) dogs
Genitive	Prefix a˥- a˥ba˥wr /ˈa˥ba˥wr/ dogʼs	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka˥- ka˥ba˥wr /ˈka˥ba˥wr/ dogsʼ
Dative	If starts with vowel: Prefix h- Else: Prefix ha˥- ha˥ba˥wr /ˈha˥ba˥wr/ to (the/a) dog	Prefix a˧- a˧ba˥wr /ˈa˧ba˥wr/ to (the/some) dogs
Locative	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix la˨- la˨ba˥wr /ˈla˨ba˥wr/ near/at/by (the/a) dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka˧- ka˧ba˥wr /ˈka˧ba˥wr/ near/at/by (the/some) dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	ka˩d /ka˩d/ the	a˨ /a˨/ a
Plural	ka˥ /ka˥/ the	ka˥n /ka˥n/ some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative
1st singular	ka˥n /ka˥n/ I	a˥ /a˥/ me	a˦ /a˦/ mine	la˥n /la˥n/ to me	qa˩n /qa˩n/ at me
2nd singular	ka˧n /ka˧n/ you (masc)	ka˥ /ka˥/ you	ka˦r /ka˦r/ yours	ka˩d /ka˩d/ to you	qa˦n /qa˦n/ at you
3rd singular masc	ka˦n /ka˦n/ he, it	a˩ /a˩/ him, it	la˦ /la˦/ his, its	ka˨ /ka˨/ to him, at it	a˥n /a˥n/ at him, at it
3rd singular fem	sa˦n /sa˦n/ she, it	la˥ /la˥/ her, it	a˧n /a˧n/ hers, its	a˩n /a˩n/ to her, at it	ka˧ /ka˧/ at her, at it
1st plural	ka˦ /ka˦/ we	da˧ /da˧/ us	ma˩n /ma˩n/ ours	kha˥ /xa˥/ to us	ka˨n /ka˨n/ at us
2nd plural	a˥b /a˥b/ you all	ka˨d /ka˨d/ you all	ba˥ /ba˥/ yours (pl)	ha˥ /ha˥/ to you all	la˦n /la˦n/ at you all
3rd plural	ka˩n /ka˩n/ they	ka˩ /ka˩/ them	ka˩g /ka˩g/ theirs	la˧n /la˧n/ to them	ma˥n /ma˥n/ at them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	a˦ /a˦/ my
2nd singular	ka˦r /ka˦r/ your
3rd singular masc	la˦ /la˦/ his
3rd singular fem	a˧n /a˧n/ her
1st plural	ma˩n /ma˩n/ our
2nd plural	ba˥ /ba˥/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ka˩g /ka˩g/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix da˨d /da˨d/ learn
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix la˩- la˩da˨d /ˈla˩da˨d/ learned
Remote past	Prefix a˩- a˩da˨d /ˈa˩da˨d/ learned (long ago)

Farhsat uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: xa˨ - kha˨ da˨d /xa˨ da˨d/ will learn

Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Farhsat uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

Prefix a˩- a˩da˨d /ˈa˩da˨d/ is learning

Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Farhsat uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: a˥ - a˥ da˨d /a˥ da˨d/ learns

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Farhsat uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix a˨- a˨da˨d /ˈa˨da˨d/ have learned

Numbers

Farhsat has a base-10 number system:
1 - la˥
2 - ka˨n
3 - fi˨n
4 - ka˦
5 - ka˥ma˩d
6 - la˦s
7 - a˥n
8 - ka˨d
9 - ka˧bwa˧mya˥n
10 - li˨n
11 - la˥ la˨n li˨n “one and ten”
100 - ka˨la˩ka˨ “hundred”
101 - ka˨la˩ka˨ la˨n la˥ “hundred and one”
200 - ka˨n ka˨la˩ka˨
1000 - a˥ta˨a˩ “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ka˥-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix na˥-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix a˨-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix qa˩-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ka˥-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka˨-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka˥-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix la˧-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix i˩-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix a˥-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ka˥-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix la˩-
Diminutive = Prefix a˧-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix la˩-

Dictionary

4458 Words.