Goi Davur

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 150K / #57
SPOKEN IN: Draksineon - 150K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ga ó thés pós o chant ga chag eiseit ó mésteann bonn eicei
Pronunciation: ɡa oː heːʃ pʲoːʃ ɔ çanʲtʲ ɡa çaɡ ˈɛʃɛtʲ oː ˈmʲeːʃtʲaɲ bˠɔɲ ˈɛcɛ

Goi Davur word order: and his hat holding he stood and to the wind his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /bʲ bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ h k lʲ mʲ mˠ nʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ vˠ x ç ŋ ɟ ɡ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	mʲ mˠ		n̪ˠ	nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pʲ pˠ bʲ bˠ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʲ dʲ		c ɟ	k ɡ
Fricative		fʲ fˠ vʲ vˠ		sˠ	ʃ	ç	x	h
Tap				ɾˠ ɾʲ
Lateral approximant				lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a eː ia̯ iə̯ iː oː uə̯ uː ɑː ɔ əi̯ əu̯ ɛ ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: ia̯, iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	eː	oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a	ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable Word initial consonants: bʲ, bʲɾʲ, bˠ, bˠɾˠ, c, cɾʲ, dʲ, dʲɾʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fʲɾʲ, fˠ, h, kɫ, kɾˠ, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, n̪ˠ, pʲ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, sˠɾˠ, tʲ, tʲɾʲ, t̪ˠ, t̪ˠɾˠ, vʲ, xɫ, ç, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɡɾˠ, ɫ, ɾˠ, ʃ, ʃc, ʃcɾʲ Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, h, hɾˠ, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ Word final consonants: dʲ, d̪ˠ, h, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, nʲ, nʲtʲ, n̪ˠ, sˠ, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋɡ, ɟ, ɡ, ɫ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾʲtʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠd̪ˠ, ɾˠtʲ, ɾˠt̪ˠ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• b → bh / _a
• v → vh / _i
• sh → si / _o
• sh → si / _a

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ca	cea
coː	ceo
cu	ciu
kɪ	coi | cai | cui
k	c
h	th
x	ch
ç	ch
ɲ	nn
^n̪ˠ	n
nʲ	n
n̪ˠ	nn
ŋg	ng
ŋ	ng
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
lʲ	l
ɫ	l
ʃa	sea
sˠɪ	sai
sˠi	suí
sˠeː	sao
ʃɔ	seo | sio
ʃo	seo
ʃu	siu
ʃ	s
sˠ	s
tʲ	te / _{a,ɑː}
tʲ	t
tʲu	tiu
t̪ˠoː	teo
t̪ˠɛ	te
t̪ˠ	t
fˠi	faoi
fˠɪ	fui
fˠuː	fiú
fˠ	f
fʲ	f
ɡ	g
ɟ	g
ɪ	i
ɑː	á
eːɾˠ	éar
ɾˠ	r
ɾʲ	r
vˠ	bh | mh
vʲ	bh
d̪ˠ	d
dʲ	d
əi	a
eː	é
ɛ	ei
ɔ	o
oː	ó
iː	í
uː	ú
iə	ia
əu	ai
uə	ua
ʊ	u

Grammar

Main word order: (Prepositional phrase) Object Subject Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into With a key the door Mary opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nominative	No affix ceoth /coːh/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -ɛɡ ceotheig /ˈcoːhɛɡ/ (verb done to) doɡ
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʲ Else: Suffix -alʲ ceothal /ˈcoːhalʲ/ doɡʼs
Dative	Suffix -ɛdʲ ceotheid /ˈcoːhɛdʲ/ to (the/a) doɡ
Locative	Prefix sˠkʊ- scuceoth /ˈsˠkʊcoːh/ near/at/by (the/a) doɡ
Ablative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -oːʃ ceothós /ˈcoːhoːʃ/ from (the/a) doɡ
Instrumental	If ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -əi̯h ceotha̯th /ˈcoːhəi̯h/ with/usinɡ (the/a) doɡ

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix gí /ɡiː/ man	No affix mígo /ˈmˠiːɡɔ/ woman
Plural	Suffix -a gía /ˈɡiːa/ men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃtʲ Else: Suffix -əu̯ʃtʲ mígost /ˈmˠiːɡɔʃtʲ/ women

Articles

Goi Davur has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative	Instrumental
1st singular	pú /pʲuː/ I	ba /bʲa/ me	dua̯g /dʲuə̯ɟ/ mine	sia̯l /ʃiə̯lʲ/ to me	gíg /ɡiːɡ/ at me	dia̯nt /dʲiə̯nʲtʲ/ from me	as /aʃ/ with/using me
2nd singular	ei /ɛ/ you (masc)	a /a/ you	sá /ʃɑː/ yours	ó /oː/ to you	geit /ɡɛtʲ/ at you	geis /ɡɛʃ/ from you	créch /kɾˠeːx/ with/using you
3rd singular masc	o /ɔ/ he, it	thua̯ /huə̯/ him, it	sead /ʃadʲ/ his, its	cria̯g /cɾʲiə̯ɟ/ to him, at it	mi /mʲɪ/ at him, at it	tha̯nn /həi̯ɲ/ from him, from it	am /amʲ/ with/using him/it
3rd singular fem	gei /ɡɛ/ she, it	dís /d̪ˠiːʃ/ her, it	abh /avˠ/ hers, its	gá /ɟɑː/ to her, at it	tei /tʲɛ/ at her, at it	gai̯m /ɟəu̯mʲ/ from her, from it	ceig /cɛɡ/ with/using her/it
1st plural inclusive	í /iː/ we (including you)	tha̯s /həi̯ʃ/ us (including you)	cha /ça/ ours (including you)	pís /pʲiːsˠ/ to us (including you)	la /lʲa/ at us (including you)	thénn /heːɲ/ from us (including you)	míg /mˠiːɡ/ with/using us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	obh /ɔvˠ/ we (excluding you)	pírd /pʲiːɾˠd̪ˠ/ us (excluding you)	tínn /t̪ˠiːn̪ˠ/ ours (excluding you)	tho /hɔ/ to us (excluding you)	einn /ɛɲ/ at us (excluding you)	pích /pʲiːx/ from us (excluding you)	nó /n̪ˠoː/ with/using us (excluding you)
2nd plural	ciú /cuː/ you all	sai̯st /ʃəu̯ʃtʲ/ you all	tha /ha/ yours (pl)	thia̯ /hia̯/ to you all	dia̯ /dʲia̯/ at you all	gó /ɡoː/ from you all	lann /lʲan̪ˠ/ with/using you all
3rd plural masc	géth /ɟeːh/ they (masc)	créng /kɾˠeːŋɡ/ them (masc)	thá /hɑː/ theirs (masc)	thó /hoː/ to them (masc)	chag /çaɡ/ at them (masc)	thei /hɛ/ from them (masc)	thai̯l /həu̯lʲ/ with/using them (masc)
3rd plural fem	ath /ah/ they (fem)	gú /ɡuː/ them (fem)	dria̯th /dʲɾʲiə̯h/ theirs (fem)	sai̯ng /ʃəu̯ŋɡ/ to them (fem)	clénn /kɫeːɲ/ at them (fem)	sea /ʃa/ from them (fem)	íth /iːh/ with/using them (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ú /uː/ my
2nd singular	la /lʲa/ your
3rd singular masc	ó /oː/ his
3rd singular fem	gég /ɡeːɡ/ her
1st plural inclusive	gíd /ɡiːdʲ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	al /alʲ/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	sá /ʃɑː/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	chei /çɛ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	theing /hɛŋɡ/ their (fem)

Verbs

	Singular	Plural
Present	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɟ Else: Suffix -ɛɟ chagatheig /çaˈɡahɛɟ/ (I/you/he/she) learns	Prefix ʃa- seachagath /ʃaˈçaɡah/ (we/they) learn
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -ʊx chagathuch /çaˈɡahʊx/ (I/you/he/she) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -aɡ chagathag /çaˈɡahaɡ/ (we/they) learned
Remote past	Prefix ɡɛ- geichagath /ɡɛˈçaɡah/ (I/you/he/she) learned (lonɡ aɡo)	If starts with vowel: Prefix pʲ- Else: Prefix pʲiː- píchagath /pʲiːˈçaɡah/ (we/they) learned (lonɡ aɡo)

Goi Davur uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: hɔ - tho chagath /hɔ ˈçaɡah/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Goi Davur uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -ɔɡ chagathog /çaˈɡahɔɡ/ learns/is learninɡ

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Goi Davur uses the word for ‘finish’ thóch for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Goi Davur has a base-20 number system:
1 - gó
2 - sú
3 - reig
4 - tú
5 - ceo
6 - geich
7 - míbha
8 - mígad
9 - reilo
10 - thua̯
11 - lannei
12 - grud
13 - teilei
14 - chaga
15 - seaseor
16 - thabhó
17 - ígulei
18 - lathabh
19 - annú
20 - ménno
21 - ménnogó “twenty-one”
400 - theis “fourhundred”
401 - theis gó “fourhundred one”
800 - sú theis “two fourhundred”
8000 - chal “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt̪ˠ Else: Suffix -ɪxt̪ˠ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ɡɔ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ʃɑː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋɡ Else: Suffix -ɔŋɡ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nʲ Else: Suffix -ɛnʲ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -ɔʃ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲ Else: Suffix -iə̯ɲ
Tending to = Suffix -iː
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -eː
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -uːh
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -eːʃ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -eːmʲ
Diminutive = Suffix -a
Augmentative = Prefix ɔ-

Dictionary

4487 Words.