Heldokðuir

LANGUAGE FAMILY: FARANG
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 675K / #38
SPOKEN IN: Cillt-Craiduk - 300K / Farakt - 200K / Relig - 100K / Kaul - 75K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: nud sjijo mo mito hunsa mo nud mo niföra sangga e ̥in naf
Pronunciation: nʉːd ˈɧiːjɔ mɔ ˈmɪtɔ ˈhɵnsa mɔ nʉːd mɔ ˈnɪfœra ˈsaŋɡa eː piːn naf

Heldokðuir word order: and stood his hat holding he and his wet face turned to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f h j k l m n nː p pː r s t v ŋ ɕ ɖ ɡ ɧ ʂ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n nː				ŋ
Stop	p pː b		t d	ɖ			k ɡ
Fricative		f v	s	ʂ	ɕ			h
Approximant						j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Sj-sound
Fricative	ɧ

Vowel inventory: /a eː iː oː uː yː øː œ ɑː ɔ ɛ ɛː ɪ ɵ ʉː ʊ ʏ/

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː yː	ʉː	uː
Near-high	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	eː øː	ɵ	oː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː œ		ɔ
Low	a		ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bj, bl, br, d, dr, f, fj, fl, fr, h, j, k, kl, kr, kv, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, r, s, sk, skr, sl, sm, sn, sp, spr, st, sv, t, tr, tv, v, ɕ, ɡ, ɡl, ɡr, ɧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, br, d, dd, dj, f, ff, ft, h, j, jk, k, kd, kh, kk, kkt, kt, l, lb, ldr, lj, ll, llj, lm, ln, lpː, lsk, lt, lts, lv, m, mb, mf, mh, mm, mt, n, nd, ndr, nf, nj, nl, nm, nn, nns, nnt, ns, nsk, nsl, nt, ntl, ntr, nɧ, p, pp, pr, ps, pt, r, rd, rdn, rf, rj, rk, rl, rn, rr, rrj, rrkn, rs, rsd, rɡ, rɧ, s, sd, sk, skl, skv, ss, sst, sstr, st, sv, t, tb, tt, ttn, ttr, tv, tɧ, v, ŋ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋl, ŋn, ŋɡ, ɖ, ɡ, ɡr, ɡɡ, ɧ, ʂ, ʂt
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• a → au / _c
• e → ea / _s
• th → ð
• wa → va

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛː	ä
ɛ	ä
øː	ö
œ	ö
oː	å
ɔ	o
yː	y
ʏ	y
ʉː	u
ɵ	u
ʊ	o
uː	o
iː	i
ɪ	i
eː	e
ɑː	a
ɡ	g
ŋn	gn
ŋ	ng
ɕ	k
ɧ	sj
j	g / _#
kk	ck
C₁C₁	C₁ / _j
ɕ	̗
p	̥

Grammar

Main word order: Object Verb (Prepositional phrase) Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door opened with a key Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have both a plural affix and dual affix for precisely two things.

Singular	No affix bob /buːb/ doɡ
Plural	Suffix -œn bobön /ˈbuːbœn/ doɡs
Dual	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -ɔp bobo̥ /ˈbuːbɔp/

Articles

Definite	sa /sa/ the
Indefinite	ming /miːŋ/ a, some

Pronouns

1st singular	ä /ɛ/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	da /da/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	mo /mɔ/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	̥ig /piːj/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	to /tɔ/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ko /kɔ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	ä /ɛː/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ä /ɛ/ my
2nd singular	da /da/ your
3rd singular masc	mo /mɔ/ his
3rd singular fem	̥ig /piːj/ her
1st plural	to /tɔ/ our
2nd plural	ko /kɔ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ä /ɛː/ their

Verbs

Present	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ak jḁak /ˈjapak/ learn
Past	No affix jḁa /ˈjapa/ learned

Heldokðuir uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ɛ - ä jḁa /ɛ ˈjapa/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Heldokðuir uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: muː - mo jḁa /muː ˈjapa/ learns/is learninɡ

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Heldokðuir uses the word for ‘finish’ ̥i̥i for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Heldokðuir has a base-20 number system:
1 - i
2 - jum
3 - ke
4 - okt
5 - lä
6 - ̥od
7 - fä
8 - jubäjo
9 - jässt
10 - ijä
11 - väto
12 - kaft
13 - smybo
14 - daki
15 - järå
16 - jäkähik
17 - nutå
18 - liji
19 - ysä
20 - uf
21 - ufi “twenty-one”
400 - o “fourhundred”
401 - o nud i “fourhundred and one”
800 - jum o “two fourhundred”
8000 - kivi “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -aj
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix a-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kiː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ls Else: Suffix -ɛːls
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix leː-
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɛk
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -am
Tending to = Suffix -iːn
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -ɵɡ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɛk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -j Else: Suffix -aj
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -yːɡ
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -am
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -yːɡ

Dictionary

4459 Words.