Hishak
LANGUAGE FAMILY: ISHADIC
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 320K / #46
SPOKEN IN: Sekh Anoob (Djazeh) - 320K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: mū̏n sū́yy kíf ’ȉf qūrȕ mȕb mū̏n ’ȉf sūlā́ qálȕ mȁq ’íq ʻȁ Pronunciation: muː̏n suː́jj kíf ʔȉf ˈquːrȕ mȕb muː̏n ʔȉf ˈsuːlaː́ ˈqálȕ mȁq ʔíq ʕȁ Hishak word order: and he stood hat his holding and his face wet turned the wind to
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a aː i iː u uː/
Tones: ́ ̏
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, dˤ, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, sˤ, t, tˤ, w, x, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bb, d, dd, dˤ, f, h, j, jj, k, kr, l, ll, lʔ, m, mm, n, nd, nt, ntˤ, nð, q, qq, r, rb, rr, s, sˤ, t, tl, tʤ, tˤ, tˤtˤ, w, ww, x, ð, ðˤ, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʕl, ʕt, ʕtˤ, ʤ, θ
Word final consonants: b, d, f, fl, h, jj, k, l, ll, m, n, q, r, rdˤ, s, sm, t, tˤ, w, zʔ, ħ, ʔ, ʕ Phonological changes (in order of application):
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Hishak uses a standalone particle word for progressive:
Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Hishak uses a standalone particle word for habitual:
2 - ’ī̏
3 - dī́
4 - kȉn
5 - kī́
6 - qán
7 - khī́n
8 - ţú
9 - tíf
10 - mā́
11 - kȉndhán
12 - ghȕwȉ
13 - máá
14 - sáním
15 - ghúrún
16 - ’ī̏’
17 - ḩȁrá
18 - qūrȕd
19 - málȕ
20 - qādhī̏
21 - qādhī̏ mū̏n mȁb “twenty and one”
400 - mȁb mím “one fourhundred”
401 - mȁb mím mū̏n mȁb “one fourhundred and one”
800 - ’ī̏ mím “two fourhundred”
8000 - mȁb mū̏ “one eightthousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix qȁ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix qȁ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ʔȁ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix á-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix q- Else: Prefix qaː́-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʔȉ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix z- Else: Prefix ziː́-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ħá-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix maː́-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ʔú-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʕ- Else: Prefix ʕá-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix miː́-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ- Else: Prefix ʔú-
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: mū̏n sū́yy kíf ’ȉf qūrȕ mȕb mū̏n ’ȉf sūlā́ qálȕ mȁq ’íq ʻȁ Pronunciation: muː̏n suː́jj kíf ʔȉf ˈquːrȕ mȕb muː̏n ʔȉf ˈsuːlaː́ ˈqálȕ mȁq ʔíq ʕȁ Hishak word order: and he stood hat his holding and his face wet turned the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d dˤ f h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ θ/| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Stop | b | t tˤ d dˤ | k | q | ʔ | |||||
| Affricate | ʤ | |||||||||
| Fricative | f | θ ð ðˤ | s sˤ z | ʃ | x ɣ | ħ ʕ | h | |||
| Approximant | j | |||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː |
| Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, dˤ, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, sˤ, t, tˤ, w, x, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bb, d, dd, dˤ, f, h, j, jj, k, kr, l, ll, lʔ, m, mm, n, nd, nt, ntˤ, nð, q, qq, r, rb, rr, s, sˤ, t, tl, tʤ, tˤ, tˤtˤ, w, ww, x, ð, ðˤ, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʕl, ʕt, ʕtˤ, ʤ, θ
Word final consonants: b, d, f, fl, h, jj, k, l, ll, m, n, q, r, rdˤ, s, sm, t, tˤ, w, zʔ, ħ, ʔ, ʕ Phonological changes (in order of application):
- e → i / _q
- u → au / #_
- k → q
- ka → qah
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| ʔ | ’ |
| θ | th |
| ʤ | j |
| x | kh |
| ð | dh |
| ʃ | sh |
| sˤ | ş |
| dˤ | ḑ |
| tˤ | ţ |
| ʕ | ʻ |
| ɣ | gh |
| ħ | ḩ |
| aː | ā |
| iː | ī |
| uː | ū |
| j | y |
| ʔ | ̇ |
| ɣ | ̀ |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase)."Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have five cases:- Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
- Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
- Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
| Ergative | Prefix iː́- ī́qālȉb /ˈiːqaːlȉb/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb to somethinɡ) |
| Absolutive | No affix qālȉb /ˈqaːlȉb/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb, but not to somethinɡ) |
| Genitive | Prefix aː̏- ā̏qālȉb /ˈaːqaːlȉb/ doɡʼs |
| Dative | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʕ- Else: Prefix ʕaː́- ʻā́qālȉb /ˈʕaːqaːlȉb/ to (the/a) doɡ |
| Locative | Prefix waː̏- wā̏qālȉb /ˈwaːqaːlȉb/ near/at/by (the/a) doɡ |
| Masculine | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | No affix kíq /kíq/ [qíq] man | No affix shí /ʃí/ woman |
| Plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ- Else: Prefix ʔaː̏- ’ā̏kíq /ˈʔaːkíq/ [ˈʔaːqíq] men | Prefix mí- míshí /ˈmíʃí/ women |
Articles
| Definite | Indefinite | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | mā́ḩ /maː́ħ/ the | sȁ /sȁ/ a |
| Plural | kȕb /kȕb/ [qȕb] the | mā́ /maː́/ some |
Pronouns
| Ergative | Absolutive | Genitive | Dative | Locative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | kī́ /kiː́/ [qiː́] I | má /má/ me, I | şú /sˤú/ mine | qā̏ /qaː̏/ to me | ’ȁ /ʔȁ/ at me |
| 2nd singular | dī̏ /diː̏/ you | mȉn /mȉn/ you | mír /mír/ yours | wā̏yy /waː̏jj/ to you | sȁ /sȁ/ at you |
| 3rd singular masc | sū́yy /suː́jj/ he, it | ’ā́ /ʔaː́/ him, it | ’ȉf /ʔȉf/ his, its | tȉ /tȉ/ to him, at it | tȉr /tȉr/ at him, at it |
| 3rd singular fem | kúʻ /kúʕ/ [qúʕ] she, it | ʻā́ /ʕaː́/ her, it | dhī̏ /ðiː̏/ hers, its | tú /tú/ to her, at it | mȁ /mȁ/ at her, at it |
| 1st plural | khī́ /xiː́/ we | á /á/ us, we | qȁ /qȁ/ ours | mȕ /mȕ/ to us | fȉr /fȉr/ at us |
| 2nd plural | kȉ /kȉ/ [qȉ] you all | mȕd /mȕd/ you all | án /án/ yours (pl) | há /há/ to you all | nū́d /nuː́d/ at you all |
| 3rd plural masc | wā̏m /waː̏m/ they (masc) | ám /ám/ them (masc), they (masc) | áb /áb/ theirs (masc) | ’ú /ʔú/ to them (masc) | kún /kún/ [qún] at them (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | qá /qá/ they (fem) | shíq /ʃíq/ them (fem), they (fem) | tí /tí/ theirs (fem) | ȁ /ȁ/ to them (fem) | mā̏b /maː̏b/ at them (fem) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | şú /sˤú/ my |
| 2nd singular | mír /mír/ your |
| 3rd singular masc | ’ȉf /ʔȉf/ his |
| 3rd singular fem | dhī̏ /ðiː̏/ her |
| 1st plural | qȁ /qȁ/ our |
| 2nd plural | án /án/ your (pl) |
| 3rd plural masc | áb /áb/ their (masc) |
| 3rd plural fem | tí /tí/ their (fem) |
Verbs
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | If starts with vowel: Prefix q- Else: Prefix qá- qáqā́d /ˈqáqaː́d/ (I/you/he/she) learns | Prefix á- áqā́d /ˈáqaː́d/ (we/they) learn |
| Past | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʕ- Else: Prefix ʕaː́- ʻā́qā́d /ˈʕaːqaː́d/ (I/you/he/she) learned | Prefix uː̏- ū̏qā́d /ˈuːqaː́d/ (we/they) learned |
| Future | If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kuː̏- kū̏qā́d /ˈkuːqaː́d/ [ˈquːqaː́d] (I/you/he/she) will learn | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ- Else: Prefix ʔȁ- ’ȁqā́d /ˈʔȁqaː́d/ (we/they) will learn |
| Progressive | Particle before the verb: ʕȁ - ʻȁ qā́d /ʕȁ qaː́d/ is learninɡ |
| Habitual | Particle before the verb: mí - mí qā́d /mí qaː́d/ learns |
Numbers
Hishak has a base-20 number system: 1 - mȁb2 - ’ī̏
3 - dī́
4 - kȉn
5 - kī́
6 - qán
7 - khī́n
8 - ţú
9 - tíf
10 - mā́
11 - kȉndhán
12 - ghȕwȉ
13 - máá
14 - sáním
15 - ghúrún
16 - ’ī̏’
17 - ḩȁrá
18 - qūrȕd
19 - málȕ
20 - qādhī̏
21 - qādhī̏ mū̏n mȁb “twenty and one”
400 - mȁb mím “one fourhundred”
401 - mȁb mím mū̏n mȁb “one fourhundred and one”
800 - ’ī̏ mím “two fourhundred”
8000 - mȁb mū̏ “one eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix qȁ-Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix qȁ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix qȁ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ʔȁ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix á-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix q- Else: Prefix qaː́-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʔȉ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix z- Else: Prefix ziː́-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ħá-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix maː́-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ʔú-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʕ- Else: Prefix ʕá-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix miː́-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʔ- Else: Prefix ʔú-
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