KAHREOL

LANGUAGE FAMILY: SINNUTIAN
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 9.45M / #3
SPOKEN IN: Kahrilo - 5M / Kalio - 1.5M / Uvan Empire - 1.5M / Rello - 700K / Jolim - 300K / Liij - 250K / Beribon (North) - 200K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: rert ke donrokˈsa prı belt go rert ke nim nelˈdük gop hilp müt
Pronunciation: ɾeɾt ke donɾokˈsa pɾɯ belt ɡo ɾeɾt ke nim nelˈdyk ɡop hilp myt

Kahreol word order: and his hat holding stood he and his wet face to the wind turned

Alphabet

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d h j k l m n n̪ p r s t v z ŋ ɡ ɣ ɫ ɰ ɾ ʃ ʤ ʧ β/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n̪	n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k ɡ
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative	β	v		s z	ʃ		ɣ	h
Approximant						j	ɰ
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø ɯ/

	Front	Back
High	i y	ɯ u
High-mid	e ø	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pɾ, s, t, v, z, ɡ, ɾ, ʃ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dd, dj, dʃ, h, hb, hl, ht, hv, j, jd, jl, jm, jn, js, jv, jɡ, k, kl, ks, kt, kɾ, kʃ, l, ld, lk, lm, ln, ls, lt, lɡ, lʤ, m, md, ml, mʤ, n, nd, nk, nl, nm, nn, ns, nsl, nt, nɾ, nʤ, n̪j, p, pɫ, pɾ, r, rk, rr, s, sk, sl, st, t, tb, tl, tm, ts, tt, tɾ, tʃ, tʃm, v, vl, z, zd, zl, zɡ, ŋɡ, ɡ, ɣ, ɣm, ɣɾ, ɰl, ɰls, ɾ, ɾb, ɾd, ɾh, ɾk, ɾkl, ɾl, ɾm, ɾt, ɾtʃ, ɾʃ, ʃ, ʃk, ʃl, ʃm, ʃt, ʤ, ʧ, ʧk, ʧm, βl, βɡ
Word final consonants: h, j, k, l, lm, lp, lt, m, n, ns, p, s, st, t, v, z, ɾ, ɾk, ɾs, ɾt, ʃ, ʃk, ʧ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• s → h / #_
• h → ∅ / V_V
• p → v / Vn_
• l → ɬ / _t

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɡ	g
ɣ	ğ
ɾ	r
ʃ	ş
ʤ	c
ʧ	ç
y	ü
j	y
ø	ö
ɯ	ı

Grammar

Main word order: Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door with a key opened Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Singular	No affix yırk /jɯɾk/ doɡ
Plural	If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix y- ıˈyırk /ɯˈjɯɾk/ doɡs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	si /si/ the	co /ʤo/ a
Plural	solt /solt/ the	ça /ʧa/ some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	e /e/ I	eş /eʃ/ me
2nd singular	o /o/ you (masc)	gö /ɡø/ you
3rd singular masc	go /ɡo/ he, it	ku /ku/ him, it
3rd singular fem	bu /bu/ she, it	vö /vø/ her, it
1st plural	ki /ki/ we	sü /sy/ us
2nd plural	a /a/ you all	zeh /zeh/ you all
3rd plural	duç /duʧ/ they	şo /ʃo/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	şu /ʃu/ my
2nd singular	rest /ɾest/ your
3rd singular masc	ke /ke/ his
3rd singular fem	çan /ʧan/ her
1st plural	bih /bih/ our
2nd plural	zey /zej/ your (pl)
3rd plural	nuns /nuns/ their

Verbs

Kahreol uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ni - ni nok /ni nok/ learned

Kahreol uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: jo - yo nok /jo nok/ will learn

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Kahreol uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix a- Else: Prefix i- aˈnok /aˈnok/ have learned

Numbers

Kahreol has a base-10 number system:
1 - pür
2 - ıns
3 - pü
4 - lo
5 - çuyoyˈnam
6 - mü
7 - hi
8 - pi
9 - zöŋgörˈte
10 - or
11 - or rert pür “ten and one”
100 - zeksölˈkest “hundred”
101 - zeksölˈkest pür “hundred one”
200 - ıns zeksölˈkest
1000 - bulp “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix e-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ʤo- Else: Prefix he-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix u- Else: Prefix y-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix e-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix jo- Else: Prefix pi-
Noun to verb = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ma- Else: Prefix ʧy-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɾɯ- Else: Prefix ɡi-
Tending to = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix u- Else: Prefix ø-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix pɾo- Else: Prefix si-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ɯ- Else: Prefix i-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix du- Else: Prefix be-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ju- Else: Prefix zi-
Diminutive = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix a- Else: Prefix i-
Augmentative = If contains {a,ɯ,u,o}: Prefix ma- Else: Prefix jø-

Dictionary

4421 Words.