Kyzzig

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ISHADIC
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 400K / #45
SPOKEN IN: Sekh Anoob (Khashabul) - 400K
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ı şɛ̈ rüç ıst zẽrt sat ı kıçkıç va rüç duştors ĩlp zɔç
Pronunciation: ɯ ʃɛ̈ ɾyʧ ɯst zẽɾt sat ɯ ˈkɯʧkɯʧ va ɾyʧ ˈduʃtoɾs ĩlp zɔʧ

Kyzzig word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d g h j k l m n n̪ p r s t v z ŋ ɣ ɫ ɰ ɾ ʃ ʤ ʧ β/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n̪	n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative	β	v		s z	ʃ		ɣ	h
Approximant						j	ɰ
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a e ẽ ĩ o u y ỹ øi ø̃ ɑ ɔ ɛ ɛ̈ ɯ ɵ ʊ ʌ/
Diphthongs: øi

	Front	Central	Back
High	ĩ y ỹ		ɯ u
Near-high			ʊ
High-mid	e ẽ ø̃	ɵ	o
Low-mid	ɛ̈ ɛ		ʌ ɔ
Low	a		ɑ

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pɾ, s, t, v, z, ɾ, ʃ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dd, dj, dʃ, g, h, hb, hl, ht, hv, j, jd, jg, jl, jm, jn, js, jv, k, kl, ks, kt, kɾ, kʃ, l, ld, lg, lk, lm, ln, ls, lt, lʤ, m, md, ml, mʤ, n, nd, nk, nl, nm, nn, ns, nsl, nt, nɾ, nʤ, n̪j, p, pɫ, pɾ, r, rk, rr, s, sk, sl, st, t, tb, tl, tm, ts, tt, tɾ, tʃ, tʃm, v, vl, z, zd, zg, zl, ŋg, ɣ, ɣm, ɣɾ, ɰl, ɰls, ɾ, ɾb, ɾd, ɾh, ɾk, ɾkl, ɾl, ɾm, ɾt, ɾtʃ, ɾʃ, ʃ, ʃk, ʃl, ʃm, ʃt, ʤ, ʧ, ʧk, ʧm, βg, βl
Word final consonants: h, j, k, l, lm, lp, lt, m, n, ns, p, s, st, t, v, z, ɾ, ɾk, ɾs, ɾt, ʃ, ʃk, ʧ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• s → z / V_V
• k → g / n_
• n → ∅ / _t
• k → ∅ / V_V
• l → n / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɣ	ğ
ɾ	r
ʃ	ş
ʤ	c
ʧ	ç
y	ü
j	y
ø	ö
ɯ	ı

Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix cɵ /ʤɵ/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -a Else: Suffix -o cɵo /ˈʤɵo/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -o Else: Suffix -øi cɵöi /ˈʤɵøi/ dogʼs
Dative	If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -olp Else: Suffix -ĩʃk cɵĩşk /ˈʤɵĩʃk/ to (the/a) dog

Singular	No affix cɵ /ʤɵ/ dog
Plural	If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -ɯʧ Else: Suffix -ɛ̈p cɵɛ̈p /ˈʤɵɛ̈p/ dogs

Articles

Definite	pra /pɾa/ the
Indefinite	soşk /soʃk/ a, some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	tɛrs /tɛɾs/ I	zülp /zylp/ me	zɛ̈ /zɛ̈/ mine	ö̃lt /ø̃lt/ to me
2nd singular	yʊ /jʊ/ you (masc)	go /go/ you	cı /ʤɯ/ yours	röi /ɾøi/ to you
3rd singular masc	şɛ̈ /ʃɛ̈/ he, it	cʊ /ʤʊ/ him, it	rüç /ɾyʧ/ his, its	ɛrs /ɛɾs/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	ɔrs /ɔɾs/ she, it	ho /ho/ her, it	şüv /ʃyv/ hers, its	pʌ /pʌ/ to her, at it
1st plural	va /va/ we	co /ʤo/ us	kı /kɯ/ ours	huv /huv/ to us
2nd plural	şı /ʃɯ/ you all	şĩ /ʃĩ/ you all	yɛ̈ /jɛ̈/ yours (pl)	böi /bøi/ to you all
3rd plural	yö̃t /jø̃t/ they	tu /tu/ them	şıst /ʃɯst/ theirs	hop /hop/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	zɛ̈ /zɛ̈/ my
2nd singular	cı /ʤɯ/ your
3rd singular masc	rüç /ɾyʧ/ his
3rd singular fem	şüv /ʃyv/ her
1st plural	kı /kɯ/ our
2nd plural	yɛ̈ /jɛ̈/ your (pl)
3rd plural	şıst /ʃɯst/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix şü /ʃy/ learn
Past	If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -om Else: Suffix -ɑz şüɑz /ˈʃyɑz/ learned
Remote past	If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -ɯ Else: Suffix -u şüu /ˈʃyu/ learned (long ago)
Future	If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -uh Else: Suffix -ø̃k şüö̃k /ˈʃyø̃k/ will learn

Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Kyzzig uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: su - su şü /su ʃy/ is learning

Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Kyzzig uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: tɛʃ - tɛş şü /tɛʃ ʃy/ learns

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Kyzzig uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -am Else: Suffix -ỹlm şüü̃lm /ˈʃyỹlm/ have learned

Numbers

Kyzzig has a base-10 number system:
1 - töi
2 - tɑ
3 - böi
4 - şu
5 - hav
6 - çöi
7 - vuy
8 - vı
9 - popa
10 - loçkaç
11 - loçkaçtöi “ten-one”
100 - te “hundred”
101 - te ı töi “hundred and one”
200 - tɑ te
1000 - hotşoldak “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -o Else: Suffix -ɛ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -u Else: Suffix -ỹ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -a Else: Suffix -ɔ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -uɾ Else: Suffix -ɛ̈j
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -ɯ Else: Suffix -ʊ
Noun to verb = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -olm Else: Suffix -uɾ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -ɯ Else: Suffix -ɛ̈
Tending to = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -a Else: Suffix -ẽ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -ans Else: Suffix -ẽns
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -olp Else: Suffix -ĩl
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -o Else: Suffix -y
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -u Else: Suffix -ẽ
Diminutive = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -oɾt Else: Suffix -ø̃ɾs
Augmentative = If contains {a,ɯ}: Suffix -a Else: Suffix -y

Dictionary

4418 Words.