Leriwend
LANGUAGE FAMILY: TYRILAN
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 2.8M / #18
SPOKEN IN: Liij - 1.8M / Uvan Empire - 600K / Oralt - 300K / Loy - 100K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: ʧʰu xi kʰtʰī kʰtʰāuwj ʧū rao ʧʰu eɫā ʧoi kʰtʰī ptūvh be bāvh Pronunciation: ʧʰu xi kʰtʰiː kʰtʰaːuwj ʧuː rao ʧʰu ˈeɫaː ʧoi kʰtʰiː ptuːvh be baːvh Leriwend word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a ae ai ao au aː aːi aːu e eː i iː o oi ou oː u uː/
Diphthongs: ae, ai, ao, au, aːi, aːu, oi, ou
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, f, fh, g, j, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, n, ntʰ, nʲ, pt, r, s, t, tʰ, x, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: N/A Phonological changes (in order of application):
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Leriwend uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Leriwend uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
2 - aidh
3 - gos
4 - fhāi
5 - bud
6 - ʃae
7 - ʦʰo
8 - ja
9 - nʲuɾ
10 - ʧʰā
11 - ntʰet̪ˠē
12 - ʃael
13 - īɲī
14 - māuɲae
15 - fhāunʲā
16 - gohɾˠo
17 - xeɲu
18 - ēt̪ˠoi
19 - ʧēsh
20 - ʧʰaibˠae
21 - nī ʧʰu ʧʰaibˠae “one and twenty”
400 - nī ptai “one fourhundred”
401 - nī ptai ʧʰu nī “one fourhundred and one”
800 - aidh ptai “two fourhundred”
8000 - nī ma “one eightthousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ai
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -aolh
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -aːin
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ Else: Suffix -oiɾ
Noun to verb = Suffix -ilh
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -aːish
Tending to = Suffix -osh
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uɾ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -aːu
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aːish
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -uːxt
Diminutive = Suffix -ewj
Augmentative = Suffix -oi
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: ʧʰu xi kʰtʰī kʰtʰāuwj ʧū rao ʧʰu eɫā ʧoi kʰtʰī ptūvh be bāvh Pronunciation: ʧʰu xi kʰtʰiː kʰtʰaːuwj ʧuː rao ʧʰu ˈeɫaː ʧoi kʰtʰiː ptuːvh be baːvh Leriwend word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b bˠ c d dʲ d̪ˠ f fʲ fˠ g h j k kʰ l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ p pˠ r s sˠ t tʰ tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x ŋ ɟ ɫ ɮ ɲ ɾ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ/↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m mʲ mˠ | n̪ˠ | n nʲ | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Stop | p pˠ b bˠ | t̪ˠ d̪ˠ | tʰ t tʲ dʲ d | c ɟ | kʰ k g | |||
Affricate | ʦ ʦʰ | ʧʰ ʧ | ||||||
Fricative | f fʲ fˠ vˠ vʲ v | s sˠ | ʃ | x | h | |||
Approximant | j | |||||||
Tap | ɾˠ ɾʲ ɾ | |||||||
Trill | r | |||||||
Lateral fricative | ɮ | |||||||
Lateral approximant | lʲ l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar | Velarized alveolar |
---|---|---|
Approximant | w | |
Lateral approximant | ɫ |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː |
High-mid | e eː | o oː |
Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, f, fh, g, j, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, n, ntʰ, nʲ, pt, r, s, t, tʰ, x, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: N/A Phonological changes (in order of application):
- n → ∅ / _s
- k → x / V_t
- t → ʃ / _{i,ı̃}
- u → ∅ / a_
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
ʋ | w |
ʔ | ʻ |
aː | ā |
eː | ē |
iː | ī |
oː | ō |
uː | ū |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb."Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have four cases:- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
- Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
Nominative | No affix ais /ais/ dog (doing the verb) |
Accusative | Suffix -aixh aisaixh /ˈaisaixh/ (verb done to) dog |
Genitive | Suffix -aːxt aisāxt /ˈaisaːxt/ dogʼs |
Dative | Suffix -aun aisaun /ˈaisaun/ to (the/a) dog |
Singular | No affix ais /ais/ dog |
Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es aises /aiˈses/ dogs |
Articles
Definite | Indefinite | |
---|---|---|
Singular | oɾ /oɾ/ the | ʧōsh /ʧoːsh/ a |
Plural | toi /toi/ the | bɮau /bɮau/ some |
Pronouns
Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st singular | kʰāun /kʰaːun/ I | ʃoi /ʃoi/ me | āis /aːis/ mine | ntʰu /ntʰu/ to me |
2nd singular | kʰtʰou /kʰtʰou/ you (masc) | ptō /ptoː/ you | ʧʰū /ʧʰuː/ yours | ōl /oːl/ to you |
3rd singular masc | xi /xi/ he, it | ā /aː/ him, it | ntʰolh /ntʰolh/ his, its | faolh /faolh/ to him, at it |
3rd singular fem | sō /soː/ she, it | sau /sau/ her, it | tʰū /tʰuː/ hers, its | ʃae /ʃae/ to her, at it |
1st plural | kʰtʰāish /kʰtʰaːish/ we | bau /bau/ us | ʦaoxt /ʦaoxt/ ours | sū /suː/ to us |
2nd plural | kʰāush /kʰaːush/ you all | jou /jou/ you all | ou /ou/ yours (pl) | u /u/ to you all |
3rd plural | kʰtʰāuwg /kʰtʰaːuwg/ they | aos /aos/ them | ōwg /oːwg/ theirs | tī /tiː/ to them |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | bau /bau/ my |
2nd singular | īwg /iːwg/ your |
3rd singular masc | kʰtʰī /kʰtʰiː/ his |
3rd singular fem | ʧēwg /ʧeːwg/ her |
1st plural | nʲād /nʲaːd/ our |
2nd plural | bɮū /bɮuː/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | aos /aos/ their |
Verbs
Present | Past | Remote past | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ail ʦʰiɾail /ˈʦʰiɾail/ (I) learn | Suffix -a ʦʰiɾa /ˈʦʰiɾa/ (I) learned | If ends with vowel: Suffix -wg Else: Suffix -oiwg ʦʰiɾoiwg /ˈʦʰiɾoiwg/ (I) learned (long ago) |
2nd singular | Suffix -ud ʦʰiɾud /ˈʦʰiɾud/ (you) learn | If ends with vowel: Suffix -vh Else: Suffix -eːvh ʦʰiɾēvh /ˈʦʰiɾeːvh/ (you) learned | Suffix -aixh ʦʰiɾaixh /ˈʦʰiɾaixh/ (you) learned (long ago) |
3rd singular | Suffix -ewg ʦʰiɾewg /ˈʦʰiɾewg/ (he/she/it) learns | Suffix -uɾ ʦʰiɾuɾ /ˈʦʰiɾuɾ/ (he/she/it) learned | If ends with vowel: Suffix -dh Else: Suffix -aːdh ʦʰiɾādh /ʦʰiˈɾaːdh/ (he/she/it) learned (long ago) |
1st plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -wj Else: Suffix -eːwj ʦʰiɾēwj /ˈʦʰiɾeːwj/ (we) learn | Suffix -aː ʦʰiɾā /ˈʦʰiɾaː/ (we) learned | If ends with vowel: Suffix -sh Else: Suffix -osh ʦʰiɾosh /ˈʦʰiɾosh/ (we) learned (long ago) |
2nd plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -oːlh ʦʰiɾōlh /ˈʦʰiɾoːlh/ (you all) learn | If ends with vowel: Suffix -wj Else: Suffix -aiwj ʦʰiɾaiwj /ˈʦʰiɾaiwj/ (you all) learned | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -iːn ʦʰiɾīn /ˈʦʰiɾiːn/ (you all) learned (long ago) |
3rd plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt Else: Suffix -uːxt ʦʰiɾūxt /ˈʦʰiɾuːxt/ (they) learn | Suffix -ix ʦʰiɾix /ˈʦʰiɾix/ (they) learned | Suffix -uːd ʦʰiɾūd /ˈʦʰiɾuːd/ (they) learned (long ago) |
Future | Particle before the verb: ntʰoxt - ntʰoxt ʦʰiɾ /ntʰoxt ʦʰiɾ/ will learn |
Perfect | Suffix -ai ʦʰiɾai /ˈʦʰiɾai/ have learned |
Numbers
Leriwend has a base-20 number system: 1 - nī2 - aidh
3 - gos
4 - fhāi
5 - bud
6 - ʃae
7 - ʦʰo
8 - ja
9 - nʲuɾ
10 - ʧʰā
11 - ntʰet̪ˠē
12 - ʃael
13 - īɲī
14 - māuɲae
15 - fhāunʲā
16 - gohɾˠo
17 - xeɲu
18 - ēt̪ˠoi
19 - ʧēsh
20 - ʧʰaibˠae
21 - nī ʧʰu ʧʰaibˠae “one and twenty”
400 - nī ptai “one fourhundred”
401 - nī ptai ʧʰu nī “one fourhundred and one”
800 - aidh ptai “two fourhundred”
8000 - nī ma “one eightthousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -eːlhAdjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ai
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -aolh
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -aːin
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ Else: Suffix -oiɾ
Noun to verb = Suffix -ilh
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -aːish
Tending to = Suffix -osh
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uɾ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -aːu
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aːish
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -uːxt
Diminutive = Suffix -ewj
Augmentative = Suffix -oi
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