Otor
LANGUAGE FAMILY: TYRILAN
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 5.05M / #10
SPOKEN IN: Otoron - 3M / Tralgon - 1M / Bim - 800K / Loy - 250K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: lei bre viomhe qahe bre fludioni lei grerhe bre qob prerta qers tist Pronunciation: ˈlei breː ˈwiomhe ˈqahe breː fluːˈdioniː ˈlei ˈɡrerhe breː qob ˈprerta qers tist Otor word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: /a ae au aː e ei eu eː i io iu iː o oe oː u ui uː/
Diphthongs: ae, au, ei, eu, io, iu, oe, ui
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, br, d, f, fl, fr, h, k, kl, kr, kʷ, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, q, r, s, sk, sp, st, t, tr, w, z, ɡ, ɡl, ɡr
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, br, bs, bt, d, dd, dkʷ, dm, dw, f, ff, h, k, kk, kkʷ, kr, ks, ksk, ksp, kspl, kssp, kst, kstr, kt, kʷ, l, lk, ll, ln, lp, ls, lt, ltr, lw, lɡ, m, mb, mkʷ, mm, mn, mp, mpl, mpr, mw, n, nd, nf, nfl, nfr, nk, nkl, nkr, nkʷ, nl, nn, ns, nskr, nsp, nst, nstr, nt, ntr, nw, nɡ, nɡr, p, pl, pp, ppl, ppr, pr, ps, pt, r, rb, rd, rf, rk, rkʷ, rm, rn, rp, rr, rs, rsp, rt, rw, rɡ, s, sd, sk, skʷ, sm, sp, ss, st, stkʷ, str, t, tkʷ, tr, ts, tt, ttr, w, ɡ, ɡm, ɡn, ɡr, ɡɡ
Word final consonants: b, d, k, ks, l, m, n, nk, ns, nt, ps, r, rs, s, st, t Phonological changes (in order of application):
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Otor uses a standalone particle word for past tense:
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Otor uses an affix for imperfective:
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Otor uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
2 - qua
3 - rud
4 - voent
5 - hiubrus
6 - sti
7 - qi
8 - qu
9 - stil
10 - gu
11 - cas lei gu “one and ten”
100 - cas nonc “one hundred”
101 - cas nonc cas “one hundred one”
200 - qua nonc
1000 - cas rest “one thousand”
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -aul
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix i-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -a
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix br- Else: Prefix briː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -ib
Tending to = Prefix ti-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uːs
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -iod
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aer
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aem
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nk Else: Suffix -unk
Augmentative = Suffix -i
"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..." Translation: lei bre viomhe qahe bre fludioni lei grerhe bre qob prerta qers tist Pronunciation: ˈlei breː ˈwiomhe ˈqahe breː fluːˈdioniː ˈlei ˈɡrerhe breː qob ˈprerta qers tist Otor word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f h k kʷ l m n p q r s t w z ɡ/↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Stop | p b | t d | k kʷ ɡ | q | ||
Fricative | f | s z | h | |||
Trill | r | |||||
Lateral approximant | l |
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
---|---|
Approximant | w |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː |
High-mid | e eː | o oː |
Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, br, d, f, fl, fr, h, k, kl, kr, kʷ, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, q, r, s, sk, sp, st, t, tr, w, z, ɡ, ɡl, ɡr
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, br, bs, bt, d, dd, dkʷ, dm, dw, f, ff, h, k, kk, kkʷ, kr, ks, ksk, ksp, kspl, kssp, kst, kstr, kt, kʷ, l, lk, ll, ln, lp, ls, lt, ltr, lw, lɡ, m, mb, mkʷ, mm, mn, mp, mpl, mpr, mw, n, nd, nf, nfl, nfr, nk, nkl, nkr, nkʷ, nl, nn, ns, nskr, nsp, nst, nstr, nt, ntr, nw, nɡ, nɡr, p, pl, pp, ppl, ppr, pr, ps, pt, r, rb, rd, rf, rk, rkʷ, rm, rn, rp, rr, rs, rsp, rt, rw, rɡ, s, sd, sk, skʷ, sm, sp, ss, st, stkʷ, str, t, tkʷ, tr, ts, tt, ttr, w, ɡ, ɡm, ɡn, ɡr, ɡɡ
Word final consonants: b, d, k, ks, l, m, n, nk, ns, nt, ps, r, rs, s, st, t Phonological changes (in order of application):
- ɡ → k / #_
- u → a / a_
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
ɡ | g |
kʷ | qu |
ks | x |
k | c |
w | v |
ː |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase)."Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
Singular | No affix gliulib /ɡliˈulib/ doɡ |
Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -iːn gliulibin /ˌɡliuˈlibiːn/ doɡs |
Articles
Otor has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.Pronouns
1st singular | cest /keːst/ I, me, mine |
2nd singular | qa /qa/ you, yours |
3rd singular masc | bre /breː/ he, him, his, it, its |
3rd singular fem | bi /biː/ she, her, hers, it, its |
1st plural | gliub /ɡliub/ we, us, ours |
2nd plural | qua /kʷa/ you all, yours (pl) |
3rd plural | sant /saːnt/ they, them, theirs |
Possessive determiners
1st singular | cest /keːst/ my |
2nd singular | qa /qa/ your |
3rd singular masc | bre /breː/ his |
3rd singular fem | bi /biː/ her |
1st plural | gliub /ˈɡliub/ our |
2nd plural | qua /kʷa/ your (pl) |
3rd plural | sant /saːnt/ their |
Verbs
Future | |
---|---|
1st singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix lui- luicabhe /luiˈkaːbhe/ (I) will learn |
2nd singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -as cabhes /ˈkaːbhes/ (you) will learn |
3rd singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -ib cabheb /ˈkaːbheb/ (he/she/it) will learn |
1st plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -uːr cabher /ˈkaːbher/ (we) will learn |
2nd plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es cabhes /ˈkaːbhes/ (you all) will learn |
3rd plural | Suffix -ons cabheons /kaːbˈheons/ (they) will learn |
Past | Particle before the verb: fruim - fruim cabhe /fruim ˈkaːbhe/ learned |
Imperfective | If ends with vowel: Suffix -ns Else: Suffix -aens cabhens /ˈkaːbhens/ learns/is learninɡ |
Perfect | Suffix -a cabhea /kaːbˈhea/ have learned |
Numbers
Otor has a base-10 number system: 1 - cas2 - qua
3 - rud
4 - voent
5 - hiubrus
6 - sti
7 - qi
8 - qu
9 - stil
10 - gu
11 - cas lei gu “one and ten”
100 - cas nonc “one hundred”
101 - cas nonc cas “one hundred one”
200 - qua nonc
1000 - cas rest “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix ui-Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -aul
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix i-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -a
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix br- Else: Prefix briː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -ib
Tending to = Prefix ti-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uːs
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -iod
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aer
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aem
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nk Else: Suffix -unk
Augmentative = Suffix -i
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