Reodhrag

LANGUAGE FAMILY: COLMERIC
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 27K / #80
SPOKEN IN: Reollan - 12K / Sakxa - 10K / Cerlin - 5K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: ca caic lis seog ga bóu ca faoia ga glas thó cliriachag nó
Pronunciation: ka kɪk lʲɪsˠ ʃɔɟ ɡa ˈbˠoːʊ ka fˠiə ɡa ɡɫaʃ hoː ˈkɫɪɾˠiaxaɟ n̪ˠoː

Reodhrag word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /bʲ bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ h k lʲ mʲ mˠ nʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ vˠ x ç ŋ ɟ ɡ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	mˠ mʲ		n̪ˠ	nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pˠ pʲ bˠ bʲ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʲ dʲ		c ɟ	k ɡ
Fricative		fˠ fʲ vʲ vˠ		sˠ	ʃ	ç	x	h
Tap				ɾˠ ɾʲ
Lateral approximant				lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a eː ia iə iː oː uə uː ɑː ɔ əi əu ɛ ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: ia, iə, uə, əi, əu

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	eː	oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a	ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: bʲ, bʲɾʲ, bˠ, bˠɾˠ, c, cɾʲ, dʲ, dʲɾʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fʲɾʲ, fˠ, h, k, kɫ, kɾˠ, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, n̪ˠ, pʲ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, sˠɾˠ, tʲ, tʲɾʲ, t̪ˠ, t̪ˠɾˠ, vʲ, x, xɫ, ç, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɡɾˠ, ɫ, ɾˠ, ʃ, ʃc, ʃcɾʲ
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: dʲ, d̪ˠ, h, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, nʲ, nʲtʲ, n̪ˠ, sˠ, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋɡ, ɟ, ɡ, ɫ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾʲtʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠd̪ˠ, ɾˠtʲ, ɾˠt̪ˠ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• h → q / _#
• k → ∅ / _N
• h → ∅ / V_C
• ʃ → x / B_#
• N → ŋ / _#
• a → e / _#
• h → ∅ / V_V
• eː → iː / _C

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ca	cea
coː	ceo
cu	ciu
kɪ	coi | cai | cui
k	c
h	th
x	ch
ç	ch
ɲ	nn
^n̪ˠ	n
nʲ	n
n̪ˠ	nn
ŋg	ng
ŋ	ng
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
lʲ	l
ɫ	l
ʃa	sea
sˠɪ	sai
sˠi	suí
sˠeː	sao
ʃɔ	seo | sio
ʃo	seo
ʃu	siu
ʃ	s
sˠ	s
tʲ	te / _{a,ɑː}
tʲ	t
tʲu	tiu
t̪ˠoː	teo
t̪ˠɛ	te
t̪ˠ	t
fˠi	faoi
fˠɪ	fui
fˠuː	fiú
fˠ	f
fʲ	f
ɡ	g
ɟ	g
ɪ	i
ɑː	á
eːɾˠ	éar
ɾˠ	r
ɾʲ	r
vˠ	bh | mh
vʲ	bh
d̪ˠ	d
dʲ	d
əi	a
eː	é
ɛ	ei
ɔ	o
oː	ó
iː	í
uː	ú
iə	ia
əu	ai
uə	ua
ʊ	u

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Singular

	Masculine	Feminine
Definite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾˠt̪ˠ Else: Suffix -ɪɾˠt̪ˠ chadirt /ˈçadʲɪɾˠt̪ˠ/ the man	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d̪ˠ Else: Suffix -ɛd̪ˠ buad /bˠuəd̪ˠ/ the woman
Indefinite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -nʲtʲ Else: Suffix -ɛnʲtʲ chadeint /ˈçadʲɛnʲtʲ/ a man	Suffix -ɑːn̪ˠ buaánn /ˈbˠuəɑːn̪ˠ/ a woman

Plural

	Masculine	Feminine
Definite	Suffix -ɪ chadi /ˈçadʲɪ/ the men	Suffix -əimʲ buaam /ˈbˠuəəimʲ/ the women
Indefinite	Suffix -amʲ chadam /ˈçadʲamʲ/ some men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ Else: Suffix -aʃ buas /bˠuəʃ/ some women

Articles

Reodhrag encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

1st singular	fag /fʲəiɟ/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	cea /ca/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	coic /kɪk/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	cha /ça/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	íth /iːh/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	fa /fʲəi/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	ic /ɪk/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	bót /bˠoːtʲ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	cea /ca/ my
2nd singular	ó /oː/ your
3rd singular masc	ga /ɡa/ his
3rd singular fem	fai /fʲəu/ her
1st plural	mo /mˠɔ/ our
2nd plural	purt /pʲʊɾˠt̪ˠ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	sio /ʃɔ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	cli /kɫɪ/ their (fem)

Verbs

Present	Suffix -ɛ ántei /ˈɑːnʲtʲɛ/ learn
Past	No affix ánt /ɑːnʲtʲ/ learned
Remote past	Suffix -əinʲtʲ ántant /ˈɑːnʲtʲəinʲtʲ/ learned (lonɡ aɡo)
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lʲ Else: Suffix -iəlʲ ántial /ˈɑːnʲtʲiəlʲ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Reodhrag uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: cɾʲɛ - crei ánt /cɾʲɛ ɑːnʲtʲ/ learns/is learninɡ

Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Reodhrag uses the word for ‘finish’ faoiasca for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Reodhrag has a base-10 number system:
1 - fai
2 - dria
3 - scra
4 - uag
5 - ann
6 - sio
7 - úthrócht
8 - siú
9 - gra
10 - sét
11 - sétfai “ten-one”
100 - fai eir “one hundred”
101 - fai eir ca fai “one hundred and one”
200 - dria eir
1000 - fai dugla “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ɑːvˠ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -dʲ Else: Suffix -ɔdʲ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɲ Else: Suffix -uəɲ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɡ Else: Suffix -ɪɡ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt̪ˠ Else: Suffix -uːxt̪ˠ
Noun to verb = Suffix -asˠ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Tending to = Suffix -an̪ˠ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾˠ Else: Suffix -ɑːɾˠ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾˠ Else: Suffix -aɾˠ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mˠ Else: Suffix -iːmˠ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -dʲ Else: Suffix -ɔdʲ
Diminutive = Suffix -oː
Augmentative = Suffix -əi

Dictionary

4414 Words.