Dwarhbe

Natively known as: Dˠv-a:r-mhe:n /ˈavʲe:nˠ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... át aem ma beikh theollad éui át ngélei bei ma fot mam di Pronunciation: /aːtʲ eːmˠ mʲa bʲɛx hɔˈl̪ˠad̪ˠ eːˈɪ aːtʲ ˈɲeːlʲɛ bˠɛ mʲa fʲɔtʲ mˠamˠ dʲɪ/ Dwarven word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /bʲ bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ g h j k lʲ lˠ l̠ʲ l̪ˠ mʲ mˠ nʲ nˠ n̠ʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ w x ç ŋ ɟ ɣ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	mˠ mʲ		n̪ˠ n̠ʲ nˠ nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pˠ pʲ bˠ bʲ		t̪ˠ tʲ d̪ˠ dʲ		c ɟ	k g
Fricative		fˠ fʲ vʲ	sˠ	ʃ	ç	x ɣ	h
Approximant					j
Tap			ɾʲ ɾˠ
Lateral approximant			l̪ˠ l̠ʲ lˠ lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aː eː iə iː oː uə uː ɔ ə əi əu ɛ ɪ ʊ/
Diphthongs: iə, uə, əi, əu

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: No fixed stress Word initial consonants: bʲ, bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, h, j, k, l̠ʲ, l̪ˠ, mʲ, mˠ, n̠ʲ, n̪ˠ, pʲ, pˠ, sˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, w, x, ç, ŋ, ɟ, ɣ, ɲ, ʃ Mid-word consonants: lʲ, lˠ, l̠ʲ, l̪ˠ, nʲ, nˠ, n̠ʲ, n̪ˠ, sˠ, ɾʲ Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
a:	á
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
c	k
dʲ	d
d̪ˠ	d
e:	é|ae
fʲ	f|ph
fˠ	f|ph
h	sh|th|h
i:	í
iə	ia
j	dh|gh
k	c
lʲ	l
lˠ	l
l̠ʲ	l|ll
l̪ˠ	l|ll
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
nʲ	n
nˠ	n
n̠ʲ	n|nn
n̪ˠ	n|nn
o:	ó|eo
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
sˠ	s
tʲ	t
t̪ˠ	t
u:	ú
uə	ua
vʲ	bh|mh|v
w	bh|mh|v
x	ch
ç	ch|th|thi
ŋ	ng
ɔ	o|eo
ə	a|i
əi	agha
əu	eabha
ɛ	ei
ɟ	g
ɟ	g
ɡ	g
ɣ	dh|gh
ɪ	i|ui
ɲ	ng
ɾʲ	r
ɾˠ	rr
ʃ	s
ʊ	u|iu

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man. However, the ergative affix is only applied if there is an absolutive in the sentence.
• Absolutive is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Ergative	Suffix -aː pídá /ˈpʲiːdʲaː/ dog (doing the verb to something)
Absolutive	No affix píd /pʲiːdʲ/ dog (doing the verb, but not to something)

	Singular	Plural
Definite	No affix píd /pʲiːdʲ/ the dog	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mˠ Else: Suffix -əmˠ pídam /ˈpʲiːdʲəmˠ/ the dogs
Indefinite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -bˠ Else: Suffix -eːbˠ pídaeb /ˈpʲiːdʲeːbˠ/ a dog	If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -aːx pídákh /pʲiːˈdʲaːx/ some dogs

Articles

Dwarven encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.

Pronouns

	Ergative	Absolutive
1st singular	hí /hiː/ I	dui /dʲɪ/ me, I
2nd singular	khák /xaːc/ you	sú /sˠuː/ you
3rd singular masc	ém /eːmˠ/ he, it	nei /n̪ˠɛ/ him, it
3rd singular fem	mhik /vʲəc/ she, it	phí /fʲiː/ her, it
1st plural	aerr /eːɾˠ/ we	i /ə/ us, we
2nd plural	bha /wa/ you (all)	fú /fˠuː/ you (all)
3rd plural	ghia /jiə/ they	ib /əbˠ/ them, they

Possessive determiners

1st singular	diu /d̪ˠʊ/ my
2nd singular	thí /hiː/ your
3rd singular masc	ma /mʲa/ his, its
3rd singular fem	farr /fˠəɾˠ/ her, its
1st plural	ta /t̪ˠə/ our
2nd plural	mhua /vʲuə/ your
3rd plural	lla /l̠ʲa/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix kiukh /kʊx/ learn
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɟ Else: Suffix -iəɟ kukhiag /ˈkʊxiəɟ/ learned
Future	Suffix -iːɾˠ kiukhírr /ˈkʊxiːɾˠ/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speking, such as I am learning.
Dwarven uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: t̪ˠuə - tui kiukh /t̪ˠuə kʊx/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Dwarven uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

Suffix -aː kukhá /ˈkʊxaː/ learns

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Dwarven uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -a kukha /kʊˈxa/ have learned

Numbers

Dwarven has a base-10 number system:
1 - á 2 - ma 3 - eof 4 - kú 5 - lla 6 - ngaev 7 - ia 8 - do 9 - deos 10 - pshasu 11 - fisuá “ten-one” 100 - á éb “one hundred” 101 - á éb á “one hundred one” 200 - ma aeb 1000 - á phua “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -fʲ Else: Suffix -uːfʲ Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bˠ Else: Suffix -ɛbˠ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -c Else: Suffix -ac Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -əmʲ Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɟ Else: Suffix -əɟ Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Suffix -oː Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bˠ Else: Suffix -eːbˠ Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -ɪg Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -əuw Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -iəbˠ One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɛsˠ Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ɔʃ Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -uəw Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d̪ˠ Else: Suffix -iəd̪ˠ

Dictionary

4371 Words.