Dwarsi

Natively known as: Dwarsi /d’warsi/

Language of the Dwarves
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
pa mois pus ro bai rusiami pa ama bai beru sastror tuno kas>
Pronunciation: /pa mois pus ro bai ruˈsiami pa ˈama bai ˈbeɾu ˈsastɾoɾ ˈtuno kas/
Dwarsi word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g j k l m n p r s t x ɲ ɾ ʝ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m			n		ɲ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ
Fricative		f	θ	s		ʝ	x
Approximant						j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Vowel inventory: /a ai e i ia io o oi u/
Diphthongs: ai, ia, io, oi

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, g, gɾ, k, kɾ, l, m, n, p, pɾ, r, s, t, tɾ, x, ʝ, ʧ, θ
Mid-word consonants[pg]: b, bl, bɾ, d, dɾ, f, g, gt, j, k, l, lb, lg, lt, m, mb, mbɾ, mp, mpɾ, n, nd, ng, ngɾ, nk, nt, ntr, ntɾ, nθ, p, r, rp, s, sd, sk, sm, sp, st, stɾ, tɾ, x, ɲ, ɾ, ɾd, ɾj, ɾk, ɾs, ɾt, ʝ, ʧ, θ, θj
Word final consonants: d, l, n, s, ɾ

Show frequency stats

Word initial: m*35 k*21 p*15 n*11 s*9 t*7 b*6 l*5 g*4 d*3 f*3 ʧ*2 r*2 x*2 θ*2 ʝ*1 tɾ*1 pɾ*1 kɾ*1 gɾ*1
Mid-word: m*93 k*57 j*40 p*30 n*23 s*18 b*15 l*12 g*10 d*8 ɲ*7 f*6 ʧ*5 r*4 ɾ*3 x*3 mb*3 nd*2 θ*2 ʝ*2 nt*1 mp*1 ng*1 ng*1 tɾ*1 dɾ*1 nθ*1 bl*1 mpɾ*1 ɾk*1 lb*1 ɾt*1 bɾ*1 sd*1 sk*1 sm*1 sp*1 st*1 stɾ*1 θj*1 nk*1 lt*1 mbɾ*1 gt*1 ntr*1 ntɾ*1 ɾd*1 ɾj*1 ɾk*1 ɾs*1 ɾt*1 lg*1 ngɾ*1 rp*1
Word final: n*9 s*6 l*4 d*3 ɾ*3

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• g → j / E_
• p → Ø / _#
• p → w / _B
• r → rː / _N
• l → n / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y>
x	h>
ɲ	ñ>
ɾ	r>
ʝ	ÿ>
ʧ	ch>
	>
θ	th>

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Noun

Singular	No affix ari> /aˈɾi/
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ta- tari> /ˈtaɾi/

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	kai> /kai/ the	gi> /gi/ a
Plural	tria> /tɾia/ the	moin> /moin/ some

Pronouns

1st singular	li> /li/ I, me
2nd singular	a> /a/ you
3rd singular masc	mois> /mois/ he, him, it
3rd singular fem	sa> /sa/ she, her, it
1st plural	ni> /ni/ we, us
2nd plural	mir> /miɾ/ you (all)
3rd plural	mi> /mi/ they, them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	i> /i/ my
2nd singular	the> /θe/ your
3rd singular masc	bai> /bai/ his, its
3rd singular fem	pi> /pi/ her, its
1st plural	pu> /pu/ our
2nd plural	mi> /mi/ your
3rd plural	sas> /sas/ their

Verbs

Present	If starts with vowel: Prefix oj- Else: Prefix oji- oyinain> /ˈojinain/
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mi- minain> /ˈminain/
Future	Prefix ma- manain> /maˈnain/

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying,
and habitual actions, such as I study (every night).

It is indicated with the affix:

Imperfect

Prefix pa- panain> /paˈnain/

Perfect aspect

Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’,
which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken
but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.

In Kroirish, the perfect is constructed with the word for ‘finish’ kenu + present tense of the verb.

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix si-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix θ-
Else: Prefix θe-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix i-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix da-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix kia-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix as-
Else: Prefix asa-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ai-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix a-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix u-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix mi-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ma-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix to-
Diminutive = Prefix mia-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix oj-
Else: Prefix oja-

Dictionary

4294 Words.