Drùkhegian (drʊxɛg)

Natively known as: drùkheg /ˈdrʊxɛg/

Native language of Moàtr, considered something of a lingua franca due to Moàtr's cultural presence.
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
qa zʻnii drokhù thoràk bi h̯àkhaa qa bi fak niiù bniit kha
Pronunciation: /qa zʔniː ˈdrɔxʊ ˈθɔrɑk bi ˈħɑxaː qa bi fak ˈniːʊ bniːt xa/
Drùkhegian word order: and he stood hat his holding and his face wet turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b c d dˤ f g h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ ʧ θ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Stop	b			t tˤ d dˤ		c	k g	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f	θ ð ðˤ	s sˤ z	ʃ		x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a aː i iː u uː ɑ ɔ ɛ ɪ ʊ

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a aː	ɑ

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛ	e
ɑ	à
ɔ	o
ʊ	ù
ɪ	ì
θ	th
ð	dh
j	y
ʃ	sh
ʤ	j
c	ç
ʧ	ch
ħ	h̯
x	kh
ɣ	gh
ʔ	ʻ
ʕ	r̈
Vː	VV
Cˤ	C̹

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have three cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
• Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Ergative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ɑk glitùk /ˈglitʊk/ dog (doing a transitive verb)
Absolutive	No affix glitù /ˈglitʊ/ dog (doing an intransitive verb)
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -aːn glitùn /ˈglitʊn/ dogʼs

Singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ddɛ Else: Suffix -addɛ glitùdde /gliˈtʊddɛ/ dog
Plural	No affix glitù /ˈglitʊ/ dogs

Articles

Drùkhegian has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	zìg /zɪg/ I, me
2nd singular	zʻed /zʔɛd/ you
3rd singular masc	zʻnii /zʔniː/ he, him
3rd singular fem	tʻshu /tʔʃu/ she, her
3rd singular neuter	r̈aw /ʕaw/ it, they, them
1st plural	lii /liː/ we, us
2nd plural	nuu /nuː/ you all
3rd plural	chtù /ʧtʊ/ they, them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	de /dɛ/ my
2nd singular	chaal /ʧaːl/ your
3rd singular masc	bi /bi/ his
3rd singular fem	zi /zi/ her
3rd singular neuter	dra /dra/ its, their
1st plural	bnì /bnɪ/ our
2nd plural	kù /kʊ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	qa /qa/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤ Else: Suffix -ɪʤ khozʻìj /ˈxɔzʔɪʤ/ (I) learn	Suffix -at khozʻat /ˈxɔzʔat/ (I) learned
2nd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -zda Else: Suffix -ɛzda khozʻezda /xɔzˈʔɛzda/ (you) learn	Suffix -ɛ khozʻe /ˈxɔzʔɛ/ (you) learned
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -ɛr khozʻer /ˈxɔzʔɛr/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -ʊ khozʻù /ˈxɔzʔʊ/ (he/she/it) learned
1st plural	Suffix -ɑ khozʻà /ˈxɔzʔɑ/ (we) learn	Suffix -i khozʻi /ˈxɔzʔi/ (we) learned
2nd plural	Suffix -iːs khozʻiis /ˈxɔzʔiːs/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -mmɪ Else: Suffix -ummɪ khozʻummì /xɔzˈʔummɪ/ (you all) learned
3rd plural	Suffix -im khozʻim /ˈxɔzʔim/ (they) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -us khozʻus /ˈxɔzʔus/ (they) learned

Drùkhegian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ɣlʊ - ghlù khozʻ /ɣlʊ xɔzʔ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Drùkhegian uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: mɪc - mìç khozʻ /mɪc xɔzʔ/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Drùkhegian uses the past form to represent the perfect aspect.

Verb Moods

The indicative mood is primarily used in statements of fact, or what the speaker believes to be fact, as used in declarative sentences. For instance, "I live in that house."
The subjunctive mood is used to express states of unreality, such as wishes, possibilities, judgements, opinions, obligations, or actions that have not occurred. For instance, in English "I want to read that book" would be an example of a subjunctive statement.
The imperative mood is used for commands or requests, typically issued in the second person.

Indicative	No affix khozʻ /xɔzʔ/ learn
Subjunctive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -xi Else: Suffix -ʊxi khozʻùkhi /xɔzˈʔʊxi/ want to learn
Imperative	Suffix -a khozʻa /ˈxɔzʔa/ learn!

Numbers

Drùkhegian has a base-10 number system:
1 - wo
2 - r̈or̈
3 - quu
4 - a
5 - ʻa
6 - qu
7 - yùllù
8 - redʻhi
9 - uu
10 - nil
100 - t̹o
1000 - ka

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ
Else: Suffix -ʊʃ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɛc
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʕtˤi
Else: Suffix -uʕtˤi
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -iːm
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sm
Else: Suffix -iːsm
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
Else: Suffix -ɪg
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤ
Else: Suffix -ɔʤ
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -gɔ
Else: Suffix -aːg
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with a: Change all a to aː / _#
If ends with vowel: Suffix -xaː
Else: Suffix -aː
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with i: Change all i to iː / _#
If ends with vowel: Suffix -jj
Else: Suffix -ijj
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʕɔ
Else: Suffix -ɔ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -jj
Else: Suffix -ajj
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ðˤʊ
Else: Suffix -aːðˤʊ
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an
Opposite = If starts with vowel: Prefix ud-
Else: Prefix u-

Dictionary

3063 Words.