Natively known as: koranen /kɔˈɹɑnɛn/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
kem nì fal nì sypsa nìm kem nì genha soltǐ koga ṣhydra ma
Pronunciation: /kɛm nʏ fæl nʏ ˈsypsɑ nʏm kɛm nʏ ˈgɛnhæ ˈsɔltɵ ˈkɔgɑ ˈʂydɹæ mæ/
Koranan word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p s t ç ŋ ɹ ʂ ⱱ
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Nasal |
m |
|
n |
|
|
ŋ |
|
| Stop |
p b |
|
t d |
|
|
k g |
|
| Fricative |
|
f |
s |
ʂ |
ç |
|
h |
| Approximant |
|
|
ɹ |
|
j |
|
|
| Tap |
|
ⱱ |
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral approximant |
|
|
l |
|
|
|
|
Vowel inventory: e iː y æ ɑ ɔ ɛ ɪ ɵ ʉ ʊ ʏ
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
| High |
iː y |
ʉ |
|
| Near-high |
ɪ ʏ |
|
ʊ |
| High-mid |
e |
ɵ |
|
| Low-mid |
ɛ |
|
ɔ |
| Near-low |
æ |
|
|
| Low |
|
|
ɑ |
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b f g k l m n p s t ɹ ʂ ⱱ
Mid-word consonants: b bb bt bɹ d dd df dm dn dt dɹ f fd ff fg fh fp ft fʂ g gf gg gk gm gs gt h hd j jb jd jg jk jl jm jn js k kb kd kh km kn ks kt kç l lb lh lj lk lp ls lt lç lɹ m mb md mg mk ml mm n nf nh nk nn ns nt nʂ p pf pj pk pl pp ps s sd sf sg sk sl sm ss sɹ t tb td tg th tk tl tç tɹ ç çt ŋ ŋb ŋd ŋf ŋg ŋj ŋm ŋn ɹ ɹd ɹl ɹm ɹn ɹp ɹs ʂ ʂk ʂn ʂt ⱱ
Word final consonants: f g j l m n s t ʂ ⱱ
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- j → g / _#
- N → w / S_S
- t → θ / _{p,k}
- l → ɫ / V_V
- l → r / C_
- d → ∅ / Vː_#
- n → l / #_
- h → w / #_
- f → ʋ / #_
- k → ʦ / _E
- s → h / V_V
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation |
Spelling |
| tʂ |
ts |
| æ |
a |
| ɔ |
o |
| ɪ |
i |
| ʊ |
u |
| ɑ |
a |
| ɛ |
e |
| ɵ |
ǐ |
| ʉ |
ee |
| ʏ |
ì |
| ŋ |
ng |
| ɡ |
g |
| ʂ |
ṣh |
| ç |
sh |
| ɹ |
r |
| j |
y |
| ⱱ |
v |
| V₁ː |
V₁V₁ |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into
Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have two cases:
- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
| Nominative |
No affix
ete /ˈɛtɛ/
dog (doing the verb) |
| Accusative |
Prefix ɑ-
aete /ɑˈɛtɛ/
(verb done to) dog |
| Genitive |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ka
Else: Suffix -a
eteka /ɛˈtɛka/
dogʼs |
| Singular |
No affix
ete /ˈɛtɛ/
dog |
| Plural |
Prefix ɵ-
ǐete /ɵˈɛtɛ/
dogs |
Articles
|
Definite |
Indefinite |
| Singular |
la /læ/
the |
pev /pɛⱱ/
a |
| Plural |
nì /nʏ/
the |
ma /mæ/
some |
Pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
| 1st singular |
ma /mɑ/
I |
te /tɛ/
me |
| 2nd singular |
na /næ/
you (masc) |
fiiy /fiːj/
you |
| 3rd singular masc |
nì /nʏ/
he, it |
ay /ɑj/
him, it |
| 3rd singular fem |
nee /nʉ/
she, it |
ru /ɹʊ/
her, it |
| 1st plural inclusive |
be /bɛ/
we (including you) |
fa /fæ/
us (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive |
a /æ/
we (excluding you) |
sig /sɪg/
us (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural |
fiil /fiːl/
you all |
ṣhym /ʂym/
you all |
| 3rd plural |
see /sʉ/
they |
laf /læf/
them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
ma /mɑ/
my |
| 2nd singular |
fiiy /fiːj/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
nì /nʏ/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
nee /nʉ/
her |
| 1st plural inclusive |
be /bɛ/
our (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive |
a /æ/
our (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural |
fiil /fiːl/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural |
see /sʉ/
their |
Verbs
|
Present |
Past |
| 1st singular |
Prefix ty-
tyviinge /tyˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(I) learn |
Prefix æ-
aviinge /æˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(I) learned |
| 2nd singular |
Prefix miː-
miiviinge /miːˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(you) learn |
Prefix ⱱy-
vyviinge /ⱱyˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(you) learned |
| 3rd singular |
If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix siː-
siiviinge /siːˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(he/she/it) learns |
Prefix ge-
geviinge /geˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(he/she/it) learned |
| 1st plural inclusive |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ʂ-
Else: Prefix ʂɪ-
ṣhiviinge /ʂɪˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(we) learn (including you) |
If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix nɑ-
naviinge /nɑˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(we) learned (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive |
Prefix le-
leviinge /leˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(we) learn (excluding you) |
Prefix mɑ-
maviinge /mɑˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(we) learned (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ɹ-
Else: Prefix ɹɵ-
rǐviinge /ɹɵˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(you all) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix nʉ-
neeviinge /nʉˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(you all) learned |
| 3rd plural |
Prefix pɔ-
poviinge /pɔˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(they) learn |
Prefix ne-
neviinge /neˈⱱiːŋɛ/
(they) learned |
Koranan uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
| Future |
Particle before the verb: læ -
la viinge /læ ˈⱱiːŋɛ/
will learn |
Numbers
Koranan has a base-10 number system:
1 -
a
2 -
pu
3 -
ṣhi
4 -
siit
5 -
tol
6 -
gegfa
7 -
maby
8 -
maf
9 -
laf
10 -
kem
11 -
kema “ten-one”
100 -
rotu “hundred”
101 -
rotu kem a “hundred and one”
200 -
pu rotu
1000 - laṣhkyy “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʊ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix tʊ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ʏ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix siː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix tɛ-
Noun to verb = Prefix æ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix nɛ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix be-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix le-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix bɛ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix e-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix æ-
Diminutive = Prefix e-
Augmentative = Prefix ɑ-
