Natively known as: Viisraen /ⱱiːsɹæˈen/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ṣù nú nú pověn ǔmga nǎl ṣù ǔntěg lǎy nú vǔngga im kogǎ
Pronunciation: /ʂʉ nʏ nʏ ˈpɔⱱɛn ˈymgæ nɑl ʂʉ ˈyntɛg lɑj nʏ ˈⱱyŋgæ ɪm ˈkɔgɑ/
Visarian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t ç ŋ ɹ ʂ ⱱ/
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Nasal |
m |
|
n |
|
|
ŋ |
|
| Stop |
p b |
|
t d |
|
|
k g |
|
| Fricative |
|
f |
s |
ʂ |
ç |
|
h |
| Approximant |
|
|
ɹ |
|
j |
|
|
| Tap |
|
ⱱ |
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral approximant |
|
|
l |
|
|
|
|
Vowel inventory: /e iː y æ ɑ ɔ ɛ ɪ ɵ ʉ ʊ ʏ/
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
| High |
iː y |
ʉ |
|
| Near-high |
ɪ ʏ |
|
ʊ |
| High-mid |
e |
ɵ |
|
| Low-mid |
ɛ |
|
ɔ |
| Near-low |
æ |
|
|
| Low |
|
|
ɑ |
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, ɹ, ʂ, ⱱ
Mid-word consonants: b, bb, bt, bɹ, d, dd, df, dm, dn, dt, dɹ, f, fd, ff, fg, fh, fp, ft, fʂ, g, gf, gg, gk, gm, gs, gt, h, hd, j, jb, jd, jg, jk, jl, jm, jn, js, k, kb, kd, kh, km, kn, ks, kt, kç, l, lb, lh, lj, lk, lp, ls, lt, lç, lɹ, m, mb, md, mg, mk, ml, mm, n, nf, nh, nk, nn, ns, nt, nʂ, p, pf, pj, pk, pl, pp, ps, s, sd, sf, sg, sk, sl, sm, ss, sɹ, t, tb, td, tg, th, tk, tl, tç, tɹ, ç, çt, ŋ, ŋb, ŋd, ŋf, ŋg, ŋj, ŋm, ŋn, ɹ, ɹd, ɹl, ɹm, ɹn, ɹp, ɹs, ʂ, ʂk, ʂn, ʂt, ⱱ
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- j → g / _#
- N → w / S_S
- t → θ / _{p,k}
- l → ɫ / V_V
- l → r / C_
- d → ∅ / Vː_#
- n → l / #_
- h → w / #_
- f → ʋ / #_
- k → ʦ / _E
- s → h / V_V
Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation |
Spelling |
| tʂ |
ts |
| æ |
a |
| ɔ |
o |
| ɪ |
i |
| ʊ |
u |
| ɑ |
ǎ |
| ɛ |
ě |
| ɵ |
ǐ |
| y |
ǔ |
| ʉ |
ù |
| ʏ |
ú |
| ŋ |
ng |
| ɡ |
g |
| ʂ |
ṣ |
| ç |
sh |
| ɹ |
r |
| j |
y |
| ⱱ |
v |
| V₁ː |
V₁V₁ |
Grammar
Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions
Nouns
Nouns have two cases:
- Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
- Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
- Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
| Nominative |
No affix
ětě /ˈɛtɛ/
dog (doing the verb) |
| Accusative |
Prefix ɑ-
ǎětě /ɑˈɛtɛ/
(verb done to) dog |
| Genitive |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ka
Else: Suffix -a
ětěka /ɛˈtɛka/
dogʼs |
| Singular |
No affix
ětě /ˈɛtɛ/
dog |
| Plural |
Prefix ɵ-
ǐětě /ɵˈɛtɛ/
dogs |
Articles
|
Definite |
Indefinite |
| Singular |
la /læ/
the |
pěv /pɛⱱ/
a |
| Plural |
nú /nʏ/
the |
ma /mæ/
some |
Pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
| 1st singular |
mǎ /mɑ/
I |
tě /tɛ/
me |
| 2nd singular |
na /næ/
you (masc) |
fiiy /fiːj/
you |
| 3rd singular masc |
nú /nʏ/
he, it |
ǎy /ɑj/
him, it |
| 3rd singular fem |
nù /nʉ/
she, it |
ru /ɹʊ/
her, it |
| 1st plural inclusive |
bě /bɛ/
we (including you) |
fa /fæ/
us (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive |
a /æ/
we (excluding you) |
sig /sɪg/
us (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural |
fiil /fiːl/
you all |
ṣǔm /ʂym/
you all |
| 3rd plural |
sù /sʉ/
they |
laf /læf/
them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
mǎ /mɑ/
my |
| 2nd singular |
fiiy /fiːj/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
nú /nʏ/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
nù /nʉ/
her |
| 1st plural inclusive |
bě /bɛ/
our (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive |
a /æ/
our (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural |
fiil /fiːl/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural |
sù /sʉ/
their |
Verbs
|
Present |
Past |
| 1st singular |
Prefix ty-
tǔum /ˈtyʊm/
(I) learn |
Prefix æ-
aum /ˈæʊm/
(I) learned |
| 2nd singular |
Prefix miː-
miium /ˈmiːʊm/
(you) learn |
Prefix ⱱy-
vǔum /ˈⱱyʊm/
(you) learned |
| 3rd singular |
If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix siː-
sum /sʊm/
(he/she/it) learns |
Prefix ge-
geum /ˈgeʊm/
(he/she/it) learned |
| 1st plural inclusive |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ʂ-
Else: Prefix ʂɪ-
ṣum /ʂʊm/
(we) learn (including you) |
If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix nɑ-
num /nʊm/
(we) learned (including you) |
| 1st plural exclusive |
Prefix le-
leum /ˈleʊm/
(we) learn (excluding you) |
Prefix mɑ-
mǎum /ˈmɑʊm/
(we) learned (excluding you) |
| 2nd plural |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ɹ-
Else: Prefix ɹɵ-
rum /ɹʊm/
(you all) learn |
If starts with vowel: Prefix n-
Else: Prefix nʉ-
num /nʊm/
(you all) learned |
| 3rd plural |
Prefix pɔ-
poum /ˈpɔʊm/
(they) learn |
Prefix ne-
neum /ˈneʊm/
(they) learned |
Visarian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
| Future |
Particle before the verb: læ -
la um /læ ʊm/
will learn |
Numbers
Visarian has a base-10 number system:
1 - a
2 - pu
3 - ṣi
4 - siit
5 - tol
6 - gěgfa
7 - mǎbǔ
8 - maf
9 - laf
10 - kem
11 - kema “ten-one”
100 - rotu “hundred”
101 - rotu ṣù a “hundred and one”
200 - pu rotu
1000 - lǎṣkǔy “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʊ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix tʊ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ʏ-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix siː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t-
Else: Prefix tɛ-
Noun to verb = Prefix æ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix nɛ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix be-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix le-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix bɛ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix e-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix æ-
Diminutive = Prefix e-
Augmentative = Prefix ɑ-
