Greek (Hellenes)
2700 BCE - 146 BCE
The Ancient Greeks, thriving from around the 8th century BCE, laid the foundation for Western civilization. They established city-states like Athens and Sparta and excelled in various fields, including philosophy, art, architecture, drama, and politics. Their cultural impact is seen through the works of philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the Olympic Games, the concept of democracy, and enduring mythological tales.
Culture
Major language groups and dialects
Ancient Greek was the predominant language, with various dialects spoken across different city-states.
Culture and cultural heritage
Contributions to philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), drama (Sophocles, Euripides), and the Olympic Games, among other enduring legacies.
Shared customary codes and values
Honor, courage, intellect, and pursuit of excellence in various fields like art, philosophy, and athletics were highly regarded.
Common Etiquette rules
Hospitality was a sacred duty, and hosts were expected to treat guests generously. Respect for elders and proper behavior in public spaces were essential.
Common Dress code
Attire varied but generally included draped garments like the chiton and himation for men and women, with differences in styles denoting social status.
Art & Architecture
Renowned for architecture like the Parthenon, sculptures like the Venus de Milo, and contributions to various art forms, including pottery and theater.
Foods & Cuisine
Mediterranean diet consisting of grains, vegetables, fruits, olive oil, wine, and occasional meat. Dining was a social affair, often involving discussions and entertainment.
Common Customs, traditions and rituals
Celebrated festivals honoring gods like Dionysus and Athena with religious rites, processions, and competitions.
Coming of Age Rites
Boys underwent rituals like military training and education. Girls prepared for marriage and adulthood within the household.
Funerary and Memorial customs
Varied across regions, involving burial or cremation, funeral processions, and honoring the deceased with offerings.
Common Taboos
Disrespecting the gods, violating hospitality norms, and impiety were considered taboo.
Common Myths and Legends
A rich tapestry of mythology featuring gods like Zeus, Athena, and Apollo, alongside epic tales like the Iliad and the Odyssey.
Historical figures
Philosophers like Socrates, statesmen like Pericles, and military leaders like Alexander the Great are notable figures from Ancient Greece.
Ideals
Beauty Ideals
Greeks valued physical fitness, admired the human body, and emphasized ideals of proportion and balance in art and beauty. Both men and women appreciated a youthful appearance and used cosmetics and grooming techniques.
Gender Ideals
Men held dominant roles in public life, while women were primarily confined to domestic duties. However, women in Sparta had more freedoms and played significant roles in society.
Courtship Ideals
Courtship involved formal rituals and negotiations, and marriages were often arranged. Love and affection were secondary to the practical considerations of family alliances and social status.
Relationship Ideals
Family and community were central. Marriages were important for procreation and social stability. Friendships and alliances were crucial in politics and daily life.
