Languages of the Forests

A group of languages derived from the language of the Old Folk, the languages of the forests are six dialects of the Geeta (a language-dialect related to High-Talk) that have evolved into their own separate languages. The languages are Baghavad and Ch'r'kee (Yea'haa'weh), Dreb (Drekkin), Indagita (Indagarians), Ksksksky and Surakhiya (Surakh).

Writing System

The six languages are written in Magadhan, with sounds like "x" being written as "sz". The languages are also written in an ancient hieroglyphic-alphabet known as the Lithic Script. This script is a series of 32 artistic glyphs: A, U, E, I, O, Ə, B, Ch, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Qu, R, T, S, Sh, Y, Th, Dh, V, W, Ŋ, X, Z and Ts. Sounds like "Qu" and "Ŋ" are rarely used and are almost obsolete.

by C.S.De Silva (Ken D)

Geographical Distribution

Heimish-Forests

Phonology

The language rarely uses the "b" and "g" sounds. Four new sounds have developed into the language of the years; [p'], [k'], [m'] and [t'] which are spelt as "px", "tx", "kx" and "mx". The "ts" sound has also remained, but the "tz", "sm" and "zm" sounds have become obsolete. The "ks" sound is also rarely used.

Morphology

The language is tonal, certain sounds can have multiple meanings and must be pronounced differently.

Syntax

The structure of sentences are either "Object-Verb-Subject" or "Subject-Object-Verb", depending on tone and context.

Vocabulary

Some of the words used commonly in all six languages: ‘är’ [ʔæʔ] intj. Greetings! ‘a’aw [ˈʔa.ʔaw] adj. a few, several ‘ä’o [ˈʔæ.ʔo] n. pitcher plant ‘akra [ˈʔak.ɾa] n. soil (fertile) ‘aku [ˈʔ•a.k•u] vtr. remove, take away, take off ‘al [ʔ•al] vtr. waste ‘ali’ä [ʔa.ˈliʔ.æ] n. collar / choker ‘ampi [ˈʔ•am.p•i] vtr. touch ‘ampirikx [ˈʔam.pi.ɾik’] n. leaf pitcher plant ‘ana [ˈʔa.na] n. hanging vine ‘ango [ˈʔa.ŋo] adj. soft (of a sound) ‘angtsìk [ˈʔaŋ.t͡sɪk̚] n. hammerhead ‘anla [ˈʔ•an.l•a] vtr. yearn for ‘änsyem [ʔæn.ˈsjɛm] adj. complete ‘are [ˈʔa.ɾɛ] n. poncho, cape, shawl ‘ärìp [ˈʔ•æ.ɾ•ɪp̚] vtr. move ‘aw [ʔaw] num. one ‘awkx [ʔawk’] n. cliff ‘awlie [ʔaw.ˈli.ɛ] adv. once (in the past) ‘awlo [ˈʔaw.lo] adv. once ‘awm [ʔawm] n. camp ‘awnìm [ˈʔ•aw.nɪm] vtr. avoid ‘awpo [ˈʔaw.po] pn. one individual ‘awsiteng [ʔaw.si.ˈtɛŋ] adv. together ‘awstengyem [ʔaw.stɛŋ.ˈj•ɛm] vtr. bind / bring two or more things together (ii) ‘awve [ˈʔaw.vɛ] adj. first (ordinal) ‘e’al [ˈʔɛ.ʔal] adj. worst ‘e’in [ʔɛ.ˈʔin] n. pod, gourd ‘e’insey [ʔɛ.ˈʔin.Sɛj] n. drinking gourd ‘efu [ˈʔ•ɛ.f•u] vtr. feel, sense, perceive ‘eko [ˈʔ•ɛ.k•o] vtr. attack ‘ekong [ˈʔɛ.koŋ] n. beat (rhythmic) ‘ekxin [ʔɛ.ˈk’in] adj. tight ‘ekxinum [ʔɛ.ˈk’i.num] n. degree of tightness, looseness ‘ekxinumpe [ʔɛ.ˈk’i.num.pɛ] inter. how tight, loose? ‘ele’wll [ˈʔɛ.lɛʔ.wḷ] n. thorny paw, cactus ’em [ʔ•ɛm] vtr. cook ’emyu [ˈʔɛm.ju] n. cook, cooker ‘en [ʔɛn] n. guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition ‘en si [ˈʔɛn ˈs•i] vin. make an informed guess ‘engeng [ˈʔɛŋ.ɛŋ] adj. level ‘eoio [ˈʔɛ.o.i.o] adj. ceremonious ‘etnaw [ˈʔɛt.naw] n. shoulder ‘evan [ˈʔɛ.van] n. boy (colloquial) ‘eve [ˈʔɛ.vɛ] n. girl (colloquial) ‘eveng [ˈʔɛ.vɛŋ] n. child ‘evengan [ˈʔɛ.vɛ.ŋan] n. boy ‘evenge [ˈʔɛ.vɛ.ŋɛ] n. girl ‘evi [ˈʔɛ.vi] n. kid (affectionate form of) ‘ewan [ˈʔɛ.wan] adj. young ‘ewll [ˈʔɛ.wḷ] n. plant ‘ewrang [ˈʔɛw.ɾaŋ] n. loom ‘eylan [ˈʔɛj.lan] n. friend ‘eylanay [ʔɛj.la.ˈnaj] n. acquaintance (with the potential for becoming a friend) ‘eyng [ʔ•ɛjŋ] v. answer, respond ‘i’a [ˈʔ•iʔ.•a] vin. end, conclude ‘ì’awn [ʔ•ɪ.ˈʔ•awn] vin. remain, stay ‘ia [ˈʔ•i.•a] vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense) ‘ìheyu [ʔɪ.ˈhɛ.ju] n. spiral ‘ìn [ʔ•ɪn] svin. be busy, be occupied ‘ìp [ʔ•ɪp] vin. disappear, vanish, recede from view ‘ipu [ˈʔi.pu] adj. humorous, funny, amusing ‘it [ʔit̚] n. bit, a small amount ‘itan [ˈʔi.tan] n. son ‘ite [ˈʔi.tɛ] n. daughter ‘itetsyìp [ˈʔi.tɛ.t͡sjɪp̚] n. little daughter (term of endearment) ‘llngo [ˈʔḷ.ŋo] n. hip ‘o’ [ʔoʔ] adj. bringing fun, exciting ‘ok [ʔok̚] n. remembrance ‘okrol [ʔok.ˈɾol] n. history (ancient) ‘okvur [ʔok.ˈvuɾ] n. history (nonancient) ‘om [ʔom] adj. violet, purple, magenta ‘on [ʔon] n. shape, form ‘ong [ʔ•oŋ] v. unfold, blossom ‘ongokx [ˈʔ•o.ŋ•ok’] vin. be born ‘ongop [ˈʔo.ŋ•op̚] vtr. design ‘ongopyu [ˈʔo.ŋop.ju] n. designer ‘opin [ˈʔo.pin] n. color ‘ora [ˈʔo.ɾa] n. lake ‘oratsyìp [ˈʔo.ɾa.t͡sjɪp̚] n. pond, pool ‘otxang [ʔo.ˈt’aŋ] n. musical instrument (generic term) ‘rrko [ˈʔ•ṛ.k•o] vin. roll ‘rrpxom [ˈʔṛ.p’om] n. thunder ‘u [ʔu] n. thing (object, fact, abstraction) ‘ul [ʔ•ul] vin. increase ‘umtsa [ˈʔum.t͡sa] n. medicine ‘uo [ˈʔu.o] pn. something ‘upe [ˈʔu.pɛ] inter. what (thing) ‘upxare [ʔu.ˈp’a.ɾɛ] n. message ‘ur [ʔuɾ] n. sight, look, appearance a [a] part. clause level attributive marker akrrmaw [a.ˈkṛ.maw] conj. after (temporal) akrrta [a.ˈkṛ.ta] conj. since (temporal) akum [a.ˈkum] conj. that (as a result) alaksi [a.ˈlak.si] adj. ready alìm [a.ˈlɪm] adv. far away, at a distance alo [ˈa.lo] n. time, turn, instance, one of a number of repeated or recurring actions alu [ˈa.lu] conj. that is, in other words alunta [a.ˈlun.ta] conj. because, from the reason am’a [am.ˈʔa] n. doubt am’ake [am.ˈʔa.kɛ] adj. sure, confident am’aluke [am.ˈʔa.lu.kɛ] adv. without a doubt anìheyu [a.nɪ.ˈhɛ.ju] n. fibonacci, blue spiral plant apxa [a.ˈp’a] adj. large apxangrr [a.ˈp’a.ŋṛ] n. delta tree asim [a.ˈsim] adv. nearby, at close range atan [a.ˈtan] n. light atanvi [a.ˈtan.vi] n. ray atanzaw [a.ˈtan.zaw] n. forked lightning atokirina’ [a.to.ki.ˈɾi.naʔ] n. seeds of the tree atxar [a.ˈt’aɾ] adj. smell of living animals, as found around a watering hole atxkxe [at’.ˈk’ɛ] n. land atxkxerel [at’.ˈk’ɛ.ɾɛl] n. map au [a.ˈu] intj. exclamation of consternation au [ˈa.u] n. drum (made of skin) aungia [a.ˈu.ŋi.a] n. sign, omen awnga [aw.ˈŋa] pn. we ayfo [aj.ˈfo] or [ˈaj.fo] pn. they aylaru [aj.ˈla.ɾu] pn. to the others aynga [aj.ˈŋa] pn. you all, you (pl.) ayoe [aj.ˈo.ɛ] pn. we, us (exclusive) ayoeng [aj.ˈwɛŋ] pn. we, us (inclusive) ayu [a.ˈju] n. things äie [æ.ˈi.ɛ] n. vision (spiritual) äo [ˈæ.o] adp. under, below ätxäle [æ.ˈt’æ.lɛ] n. request ätxäle si [æ.ˈt’æ.lɛ ˈs•i] vin. request (with tsnì clause for object) eampin [ˈɛ.am.pin] n. green ean [ˈɛ.an] adj. blue eanean [ˈɛ.an.ˈɛ.an] n. cheadle, herbaceous plant ekxan [ɛ.ˈk’an] n. barricade, obstruction ekxan si [ɛ.ˈk’an s•i] vin. exclude, keep out, bar ekxtxu [ɛk’.ˈt’u] adj. rough eltu [ˈɛl.tu] n. brain eltu si [ˈɛl.tu s•i] vin. pay attention, quit goofing off eltur tìtxen si [ˈɛl.tuɾ tɪ.ˈt’ɛn s•i] vin. be interesting, intriguing emkä [ɛm.ˈk•æ] vtr. cross emrey [ɛm.ˈɾ•ɛj] vin. survive emza’u [ɛm.ˈz•a.ʔ•u] vtr. pass (a test), overcome eo [ˈɛ.o] adp. before, in front of (place) eolì’uvi [ˈɛ.o.lɪ.ʔu.vi] n. prefix ep’ang [ɛp.ˈʔaŋ] adj. complex epxang [ɛ.ˈp’aŋ] n. stone jar used to hold small toxic arachnid etrìp [ˈɛt.ɾɪp̚] adj. favorable, auspicious ewktswo [ˈɛwk.t͡swo] n. (sense of) taste ewku [ˈ•ɛw.k•u] vtr. taste (not intentionally) eyawr [ɛ.ˈjawɾ] adj. correct, right eyawrfya [e.ˈjawɾ.fya] n. right way (of doing something), correct path eyk [•ɛjk̚] vtr. lead eyktan [ˈɛjk.tan] n. leader eyktanay [ɛjk.ta.ˈnaj] n. deputy, general, one step down from leader eykyu [ˈɛjk.ju] n. leader (typically temporary, of a small group like a hunting party) fa [fa] adp. with, by means of fahew [fa.ˈhɛw] n. smell fäkä [fæ.ˈk•æ] vin. go up, ascend faoi [ˈfa.o.i] adj. smooth fäpa [ˈfæ.pa] n. top fayluta [faj.ˈlu.ta] n. these words fäza’u [fæ.ˈz•a.ʔ•u] vin. come up, ascend fe’ [fɛʔ] adj. bad fe’lup [ˈfɛ.lup̚] adj. tacky, in poor taste fe’ran [ˈfɛʔ.ɾan] n. flawed nature, something illconceived or inherently defective fe’ranvi [ˈfɛʔ.ɾan.vi] n. blemish, deformity, stain, flawed feature fe’ul [ˈfɛ.ʔ•ul] vin. worsen, get worse fekem [ˈfɛ.kɛm] n. accident fekum [ˈfɛ.kum] n. disadvantage, drawback, downside fekumnga’ [ˈfɛ.kum.ŋaʔ] adj. disadvantageous few [fɛw] adp. across, aiming for the opposite side of fewi [ˈf•ɛ.w•i] vtr. chase fewtusok [ˈfɛw.tu.sok̚] adj. opposite, on the opposite side fì’u [fɪ.ˈʔu] pn. this (thing) fìfya [fɪ.ˈfja] adv. this way, like this fìkem [fɪ.ˈkɛm] pn. this (action) fìpo [ˈfɪ.po] pn. this one person or thing fìtrr [fɪ.ˈtṛ] adv. today fìtsap [fɪ.ˈt͡sap̚] adv. each other fìtseng [fɪ.ˈt͡sɛŋ(ɛ)] adv., n. here, this place fìtsenge [fɪ.ˈt͡sɛŋ(ɛ)] adv., n. here, this place fìtxan [fɪ.ˈt’an] adv. so, to such an extent fìtxon [fɪ.ˈt’on] adv., n. tonight fkan [fk•an] vin. resemble in a sensory modality, come to the senses as fkarut [ˈfk•a.ɾ•ut̚] v. peel fkay [fkaj] adj. hateful fkew [fkɛw] adj. mighty fkeytok [ˈfkɛj.t•ok̚] vin. exist fkip [fkip̚] adp. up among fko [fko] pn. one, they (singular usage) (unspecified agent) fkxake [ˈfk’•a.k•ɛ] v. itch fkxakewll [ˈfk’a.kɛ.wḷ] n. itch plant fkxen [fk’ɛn] n. vegetable (food) fkxile [ˈfk’i.lɛ] n. bib necklace flä [fl•æ] vin. succeed flawkx [flawk’] n. leather flawm [flawm] n. cheek flew [flɛw] n. throat flì [flɪ] adj. thin flìnutx [flɪ.ˈnut’] n. thickness flrr [flṛ] adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or things) fmal [fm•al] vtr. sustain fmawn [fmawn] n. news, something to report fmawnta [fmawnta] n. that news fmetok [ˈfm•ɛ.t•ok̚] vtr. test fmi [fm•i] vtrm. try, attempt fmokx [fmok’] n. jealousy, envy fnan [fn•an] vtr. be good at fnawe’ [fna.ˈwɛʔ] adj. cowardly fnawe’tu [fna.ˈwɛʔ.tu] n. coward fnel [fnɛl] n. kind, type fnepe [ˈfnɛ.pɛ] inter. which kind fnetxum [fnɛ.ˈt’um] n. allergen fngä’tseng [ˈfŋæʔ.t͡sɛŋ] n. restroom fngap [fŋap̚] n. metal fngo’ [fŋ•oʔ] vtr. require, demand fnu [fn•u] vin. quiet, be quiet fo [fo] pn. they fpak [fp•ak̚] v. hold off, suspend action fpe’ [fp•ɛʔ] vtr. send fpeio [fpɛ.ˈi.o] n. challenge (ceremonial) fpi [fpi] adp. for the sake of, for the benefit of fpìl [fp•ɪl] vtr. think fpìlfya [ˈfpɪl.fja] n. thought pattern, way of thinking fpom [fpom] n. wellbeing, peace, happiness fpomron [fpom.ˈɾon] n. health or wellbeing (mental) fpomronga’ [fpom.ˈɾo.ŋaʔ] adj. healthful (mentally) fpomtokx [fpom.ˈtok’] n. health (physical) fpomtokxnga’ [fpom.ˈtok’.ŋaʔ] adj. healthful (physically) fpxäkìm [ˈfp’•æ.k•ɪm] vin. enter fra’u [ˈfɾa.ʔu] pn. everything frafya [ˈfra.fja] adv. in every way frakrr [ˈfɾa.kṛ] adv. always, all the time fralo [ˈfɾa.lo] adv. every time, every instance, each time frapo [ˈfɾa.po] pn. everyone fratrr [fɾa.ˈtṛ] adv. daily, every day fratseng [ˈfɾa.t͡sɛŋ] adv. everywhere fratxon [fɾa.ˈt’on] adv. every night frawzo [fɾaw.ˈzo] intj. all is well, everything is fine or OK frìp [fɾ•ɪp̚] vtr. bite frrfen [ˈf•ṛ.f•ɛn] vtr. visit frrtu [ˈfṛ.tu] n. guest, visitor fta [fta] n. knot fta si [fta s•i] vin. knot, make or tie a knot ftang [ft•aŋ] vim. stop ftär [ftæɾ] adj. left (not right) ftärpa [ˈftæɾ.pa] n. left side ftawnemkrr [ftaw.ˈnɛm.kṛ] n. past fte [ftɛ] conj. so that, in order to fteke [ˈftɛ.kɛ] conj. so that not, lest ftem [ft•ɛm] vtr. pass by (something) ftia [ft•i.•ˈa] vtr. study ftu [ftu] adp. from (direction) ftue [ˈftu.ɛ] adj. easy, simple ftumfa [ˈftum.fa] adp. out of, from inside ftxavang [ˈft’a.vaŋ] adj. passionate ftxey [ft’ɛj] conj. whether, or ftxey [ft’•ɛj] vtr. choose ftxì [ft’ɪ] n. tongue ftxìlor [ft’ɪ.ˈloɾ] adj. delicious, good tasting ftxìvä’ [ft’ɪ.ˈvæʔ] adj. bad tasting ftxozä [ft’o.ˈzæ] n. celebration, happy occasion ftxozä si [ft’o.ˈzæ s•i] vin. celebrate ftxulì’u [ft’•u.ˈlɪ.ʔu] vin. orate, give speech ftxulì’uyu [ft’u.ˈlɪ.ʔu.ju] n. orator, (public) speaker fu [fu] conj. or fuke [fu.ˈkɛ] conj. or not fula [ˈfu.la] pn., sbd. that furia [ˈfu.ɾi.a] pn., sbd. that futa [ˈfu.ta] pn., sbd. that fwa [fwa] pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause marker) fwäkì [ˈfwæ.kɪ] n. mantis fwäkìwll [ˈfwæ.kɪ.wḷ] n. orchid fwang [fwaŋ] adj. savory, rich fwefwi [ˈfw•ɛ.fw•i] vin. whistle fwel [fwɛl] adj. broken fwem [fwɛm] adj. dull, blunt (as a point) fwep [fwɛp̚] n. dust (on a surface) fwew [fw•ɛw] vtr. look for, seek, search fwi [fw•i] vin. slip, slide fwopx [fwop’] n. dust (in the air) fya’o [ˈfja.ʔo] n. path, way, manner fyalì’u [ˈfja.lɪ.ʔu] n. adverb fyan [fjan] n. constructed device for keeping something off the ground and clean fyanyì [ˈfjan.jɪ] n. shelf fyanyo [ˈfjan.jo] n. table, elevated utilitarian surface fyape [ˈfja.pɛ] inter. how fyawìntxu [fja.w•ɪn.ˈt’•u] vin. guide (with dative of thing guided) fyel [fy•ɛl] vtr. seal, make impervious fyep [fj•ɛp̚] vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip fyeyn [fjɛjn] adj. ripe, mature, adult fyeyntu [ˈfjɛjn.tu] n. adult person fyin [fjin] adj. simple fyinep’ang [fjin.ɛp.ˈʔaŋ] n. degree of complexity fyinep’angpe [fjin.ɛp.ˈʔaŋ.pɛ] inter. how complex? fyole [ˈfjo.lɛ] adj. sublime, beyond perfection fyolup [ˈfJo.lup̚] adj. exquisite, sublime in style ha [ha] adv. so, in that case ha’ [h•aʔ] vin. fit, suit, complement, inherently enhance ha’ngir [haʔ.ˈŋiɾ] n. afternoon hahaw [ˈh•a.h•aw] vin. sleep ham [ham] adj. previous hamalo [ha.ˈma.lo] adv. last time hametsì [ha.mɛ.t͡sɪ] n. leavened bread hän [hæn] n. net, web hangham [ˈh•aŋ.h•am] vin. laugh hangvur [ˈhaŋ.vuɾ] n. joke, funny story hapxì [ha.ˈp’ɪ] n. part hapxìtu [ha.ˈp’ɪ.tu] n. member hasey [ha.ˈsɛj] adj. done, finished hasey si [ha.ˈsɛj ˈs•i] vin. accomplish, bring to a conclusion hawl [h•awl] vtr. prepare hawmpam [ˈhawm.pam] n. noise. sound that is excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate, unexpected or startling hawng [hawŋ] n. overabundance hawngkrr [ˈhawŋ.kṛ] adv. late hawntsyokx [hawn.ˈt͡sjok’] n. glove hawnu [ˈh•aw.n•u] vtr. protect, shelter hawnven [hawn.ˈvɛn] n. shoe hawre’ [haw.ˈɾɛʔ] n. hat hawtsyìp [ˈhaw.t͡sjɪp̚] n. nap hay [haj] adj. next hayalo [ha.ˈja.lo] adv. next time hefi [ˈh•ɛ.f•i] vtr. smell (not intentionally) hefitswo [ˈhɛ.fi.t͡swo] n. (sense of) smell hek [h•ɛk̚] vin. be curious, odd, strange, unexpected hena [ˈh•ɛ.n•a] vtr. carry hermeyp [hɛɾ.ˈmɛjp̚] n. snow flurry hertxayo [ˈhɛɾ.t’a.jo] n. snow field herwì [ˈhɛɾ.wɪ] n. snow herwìva [ˈhɛɾ.wɪ.va] n. snowflake hewne [ˈhɛw.nɛ] adj. soft (of an object) heyn [h•ɛjn] vin. sit heyr [hɛJɾ] n. chest hì’ang [ˈhɪ.ʔaŋ] n. insect hì’i [ˈhɪ.ʔi] adj. small, little (in size) hifwo [ˈh•i.fw•o] vin. flee, escape hìkrr [ˈhɪ.kṛ] n. second, very short time hìm [hɪm] adj. small (in quantity) hìmpxì [hɪm.ˈp’ɪ] n. minority, least, small part hìmtxampe [hɪm.ˈt’am.pɛ] inter. how much hìmtxan [hɪm.ˈt’an] n. amount hìmtxew [hɪm.ˈt’ɛw] n. minimum hìmtxewvay [hɪm.ˈt’ɛw.vaj] adv. minimally hìno [hɪ.ˈno] adj. fine, detailed, precise, intricate (of things) hìpey [ˈhɪ.p•ɛj] vin. hesitate, hold back for a short time hìrumwll [hɪ.ˈɾum.wḷ] n. puffer plant hìtxoa [hɪ.ˈt’o.a] intj. excuse me hiup [ˈhi•up̚] vin., vtr. spit, spit out hiyìk [ˈhi.jɪk̚] adj. funny, strange hoan [ˈho.an] n. comfort hoet [ˈho.ɛt̚] adj. vast, broad, expansive hol [hol] adj. few holpxay [hol.ˈp’aj] n. number holpxaype [hol.ˈp’aj.pɛ] inter. how many hona [ˈho.na] adj. endearing, adorable, cute hrrap [ˈhṛ.ap̚] n. danger hu [hu] adp. with (accompaniment) hufwa [hu.ˈfwa] conj. although hufwe [hu.ˈfwɛ] n. wind hufwetsyìp [hu.ˈfwɛ.t͡sjɪp̚] n. breeze, light wind hultstxem [h•ul.ˈt͡st’•ɛm] vtr. hinder hum [h•um] vin. leave, depart huru [ˈhu.ɾu] n. cooking pot i’en [ˈiʔ.ɛn] n. stringed instrument il [i•l] vin. bend inan [•i.ˈn•an] vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain knowledge from sensory input inanfya [i.ˈnan.fja] n. sense (means of perception) ingyen [ˈiŋ.jɛn] n. feeling of mystery or incomprehension ingyenga’ [ˈiŋ.jɛ.ŋaʔ] adj. mysterious, puzzling, enigmatic ingyentsim [ˈiŋ.jɛn.t͡sim] n. mystery, riddle, enigma, conundrum ingyentsyìp [ˈiŋ.jɛn.t͡sjɪp̚] n. trick, sleight of hand, clever/special methodology io [ˈi.o] adp. over, above ioang [i.ˈo.aŋ] n. animal, beast ioi [i.ˈo.i] n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel (item of) ioi si [i.ˈo.i s•i] vin. adorn irayo [i.ˈɾa.jo] n., intj. thank you, thanks irayo si [i.ˈɾa.jo ˈs•i] vin. thank, give thanks ìì [ɪ:] intj. um, er ìlä [ˈɪ.læ] or [ɪ.ˈlæ] adp. by, via, following, according to ìley [ɪ.ˈlɛj] intj. war cry ìlu [ˈɪ.lu] n. ìlu ìlva [ˈɪl.va] n. flake, drop, chip ìpxa [ɪ.ˈp’a] n. fern ka [ka] adp. across, covering thoroughly kä [k•æ] vin. go kä’ärìp [kæ.ˈʔ•æ.ɾ•ɪp̚] vtr. push kakpam [kak.ˈpam] adj. deaf kakrel [kak.ˈɾɛl] adj. blind kali’weya [ka.liʔ.wɛ.ja] n. species of poisonous arachnid kalin [ka.ˈlin] adj. sweet to the taste kaltxì [kal.ˈt’ɪ] intj. hello kaltxì si [kal.ˈt’ɪ ˈs•i] vin. say hello, greet kam [kam] adp. ago kämakto [kæ.ˈm•ak.t•o] v. ride out kame [ˈk•a.m•ɛ] vtr. see, see into, understand, know (spiritual sense) kan [k•an] vtrm., vtr. aim, to intend; aim, to direct a weapon or other object at a target kan’ìn [ˈk•an.ʔ•ɪn] vtr. focus on, specialize in, be particularly interested in kanfpìl [ˈk•an.fp•ɪl] vin. concentrate, focus one’s attention kangay [ka.ˈŋaj] adj. valid kangay si [ka.ˈŋaj s•i] vin. validate, confirm kanom [ˈk•a.n•om] vtr. acquire, get kanu [ˈka.nu] adj. smart, intelligent käpxì [kæ.ˈp’ɪ] n. rear (part or section) kar [k•aɾ] vtr. teach karyu [ˈkaɾ.ju] n. teacher karyunay [kaɾ.ju.ˈnaj] n. apprentice teacher käsatseng [kæ.ˈsa.t͡sɛŋ] adv. out there käsrìn [kæ.ˈsɾ•ɪn] vtr. lend käteng [ˈk•æ.tɛŋ] vin. spend time with, hang out with kato [ˈka.to] n. rhythm kavuk [ka.ˈvuk̚] n. treachery kavuk si [ka.ˈvuk̚ ˈs•i] vin. betray kaw’it [kaw.ˈʔit̚] adv. not at all, not a bit (used with ke; see ke kaw’it not…at all in phrases) kawkrr [ˈkaw.kṛ] adv. never kawl [kawl] adv. hard, diligently kawng [kawŋ] adj. bad, evil kawnglan [ˈkawŋ.lan] adj. malicious, bad hearted kawngsar [ˈkawŋ.s•aɾ] vtr. exploit kawtseng [ˈkaw.t͡sɛŋ] adv. nowhere kay [kaj] adp. from now (in the future) kaym [kajm] n. evening (before twilight), late afternoon ke [kɛ] adv. not ke’aw [kɛ.ˈʔaw] adj. divided, torn apart, striferidden ke’u [ˈkɛ.ʔu] pn. nothing kea [ˈkɛ.a] adj. no (before a noun) kefpomronga’ [kɛ.fpom.ˈɾo.ŋaʔ] adj. unhealthful (mentally) kefpomtokxnga’ [kɛ.fpom.ˈtok’.ŋaʔ] adj. unhealthful (physically) keftxo [kɛ.ˈft’o] adj., intj. unhappy, upset, ‘How sad!’ kefyak [kɛ.ˈfjak̚] part. isn’t it?, right? kehe [ˈkɛ.hɛ] part., intj. no kekem [ˈkɛ.kɛm] pn., adv. no action or activity kelemweypey [kɛ.lɛm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] adj. impatient kelfpomron [kɛl.fpom.ˈɾon] adj. unhealthy (mentally) kelfpomtokx [kɛl.fpom.ˈtok’] adj. unhealthy (physically) kelhoan [kɛl.ˈho.an] adj. uncomfortable kelkin [kɛl.ˈkin] adj. unnecessary kelku [ˈkɛl.ku] n. home, house kelku si [ˈkɛl.ku ˈs•i] vin. live, dwell kelsar [kɛl.ˈsaɾ] adj. useless, in vain keltsun [kɛl.ˈt͡sun] adj. impossible kem [kɛm] n. thing (action), deed kem si [ˈkɛm ˈs•i] vin. do kemlì’u [ˈkɛm.lɪ.ʔu] n. verb kempe [ˈkɛm.pɛ] inter. what (action) kemwiä [kɛm.ˈwi.æ] adj. improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified ken’aw [kɛn.ˈʔaw] adv. not only keng [kɛŋ] adv. even, so much as kenong [ˈk•ɛ.n•oŋ] or [ˈkɛ.n•oŋ] vin. model, represent, exemplify (ii) kenzen [kɛn.ˈzɛn] adv. not necessarily kerusey [ˈkɛ.ɾu.sɛj] adj. dead kesran [kɛ.ˈsɾan] adj. soso, mediocre keteng [ˈkɛ.tɛŋ] adj. different ketsran [kɛ.ˈt͡sɾan] adj., conj. no matter, no matter what, whatever ketsuktiam [kɛ.t͡suk.ˈti.am] adj. uncountable, infinite ketsuktswa’ [kɛ.t͡suk.ˈt͡swaʔ] adj. unforgettable ketuwong [ˈkɛ.tu.woŋ] n. alien kew [kɛw] num. zero kewan [ˈkɛ.wan] n. age kewong [ˈkɛ.woŋ] adj. alien key [kɛj] n. face keyawr [kɛ.ˈjawɾ] adj. incorrect, wrong, not right keye’ung [kɛ.ˈjɛ.ʔuŋ] n. insanity keyrel [ˈkɛy.ɾɛl] n. facial expression kezemplltxe [kɛ.zɛm.pḷ.ˈt’ɛ] adv. of course, needless to say ki [ki] conj. but rather, but instead kì’ong [kɪ.ˈʔoŋ] adj. slow kifkey [ki.ˈfkɛj] n. world (physical, solid) kilvan [kil.ˈvan] n. river kìm [k•ɪm] vtr. spin, to spin (something) kìmar [kɪ.ˈmaɾ] adj. in season (of foods, vegetable or animal) kin [k•in] vtr. need kinä [ˈki.næ] num. seven kinam [ki.ˈnam] n. leg kinamtil [ki.ˈnam.til] n. knee kìng [kɪŋ] n. thread kintrr [ˈkin.tṛ] n. week kintrram [ˈkin.tṛam] n. last week kintrray [ˈkin.tṛaj] n. next week kip [kip̚] adp. among kìte’e [kɪ.tɛ.ˈʔɛ] n. service kìte’e si [kɪ.tɛ.ˈʔɛ ˈs•i] vin. serve kive [ˈki.vɛ] adj. seventh (ordinal) kllfro’ [kḷ.ˈfɾ•oʔ] svin. be responsible kllkä [kḷ.ˈk•æ] vin. go down, descend kllkulat [kḷ.ˈk•u.l•at̚] vtr. dig up kllkxem [kḷ.ˈk’•ɛm] vin. stand kllpa [ˈkḷ.pa] n. bottom kllpä [kḷ.ˈp•æ] vin. land, reach the ground kllpxìltu [kḷ.ˈp’ɪl.tu] n. territory kllrikx [kḷ.ˈrik’] n. earthquake kllte [ˈkḷ.tɛ] n. ground klltseng [ˈkḷ.t͡sɛŋ] n. position klltxay [kḷ.ˈt’•aj] vin. lie on the ground klltxeykay [kḷ.t’ɛj.ˈk•aj] vtr. lay (something) on the ground kllvawm [ˈkḷ.vawm] adj. brown kllwo [kḷ.ˈw•o] vin. alight, land (process of) kllyem [kḷ.ˈj•ɛm] vtr. bury kllza’u [kḷ.ˈz•a.ʔ•u] vin. come down, descend ko [ko] part. solicit agreement ko’on [ˈko.ʔon] n. ring, oval, closed shape roughly circular koak [ˈko.ak̚] adj. old, aged (for living things) koaktan [ˈko.ak.tan] n. old man koakte [ˈko.ak.tɛ] n. old woman koaktu [ˈko.ak.tu] n. old person kolan [ko.ˈlan] intj. I mean, rather (selfcorrecting) kop [kop̚] adv. too, also, additionally kop [kop̚] conj. and also kosman [ko.ˈsman] adj. wonderful, terrific, fantastic koum [ˈko.um] adj. rounded, curved krr [kṛ] n. time krra [ˈkṛ.a] conj. when, at the time that krrka [ˈkṛ.ka] adp. during krrnekx [kṛ.ˈn•ɛk’] vin. take/consume time (ii) krrpe [ˈkṛ.pɛ] inter. when ku’up [ˈku.ʔup̚] adj. heavy (physical weight) kulat [ˈk•u.l•at̚] vtr. reveal, bring forth, uncover (literally and metaphorically) kum [kum] n. result kuma [ˈkum.a] conj. that (as a result) kur [k•uɾ] vin. hang kurakx [k•u.ˈɾ•ak’] vtr. drive out kurfyan [ˈkuɾ.fjan] n. hamper or suspended rack kurfyavi [ˈkuɾ.fja.vi] n. hook (for hanging or suspending an item) kxa [k’a] n. mouth kxakx [k’•ak’] vin. break, snap in two kxam [k’am] n. middle, midpoint kxamlä [ˈk’am.læ] adp. through (via the middle of) kxamtrr [ˈk’am.tṛ] n. midday, noon kxamtrrmaw [ˈk’am.tṛ.maw] n. the time immediately after noon, early afternoon kxamtseng [ˈk’am.t͡sɛŋ] n. center, place in the middle kxamtxomaw [ˈk’am.t’o.maw] n. after midnight kxamtxon [ˈk’am.t’on] n. midnight kxamyì [ˈk’am.jɪ] n. intermediate level kxänäng [ˈk’æ.næŋ] adj. smell of decaying animal/flesh, rotting, putrid kxangangang [ˈk’aŋ.aŋ.aŋ] intj. boom (onomatopoeic) kxanì [ˈk’a.nɪ] adj. forbidden kxap [k’ap̚] n. threat kxap si [k’ap s•i] vin. threaten kxapnga’ [ˈk’ap.ŋaʔ] adj. threatening kxawm [k’awm] adv. perhaps, maybe kxayl [k’ajl] adj. high kxaylyì [ˈk’ajl.jɪ] n. high level kxeltek [ˈk’•ɛl.t•ɛk] vtr. pick up, lift kxem [k’•ɛm] vin. be vertical kxemyo [ˈk’ɛm.jo] n. wall, vertical surface kxener [ˈk’ɛ.nɛɾ] n. smoke kxetse [ˈk’ɛ.t͡sɛ] n. tail kxeyey [ˈk’ɛ.jɛj] n. error, mistake kxìm [k’•ɪm] vtr. command, order, assign a task kxìmyu [ˈk’ɪm.ju] n. commander, one with authority over another kxitx [k’it’] n. death kxll [k’ḷ] n. charge, running attack kxll si [ˈk’ḷ ˈs•i] vin. charge kxor [k’oɾ] n. a wall or bank of powerful waterfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly force (countable, but only rarely) kxu [k’u] n. harm kxu si [k’u s•i] vin. harm kxuke [ˈk’u.kɛ] adj. safe kxukx [k’•uk’] vtr. swallow kxum [k’um] adj. viscous, gelatinous, thick kxumpay [ˈk’um.paJ] n. viscous liquid, gel kxutu [ˈk’u.tu] n. enemy lahe [ˈla.hɛ] adj. other, else lal [lal] adj. old (opposite of mip) lam [l•am] vin. seem, appear lanay’ka [la.ˈnajʔ.ka] n. slinger lang [l•aŋ] vtr. investigate, explore lapo [ˈla.po] pn. other one person or thing laro [ˈla.ɾo] adj. clean laro si [ˈla.ro s•i] vin. clean, make free of dirt latem [ˈl•a.t•ɛm] vin. change latsi [l•a.ˈt͡s•i] v. keep up with someone lätxayn [l•æ.ˈt’•ajn] vtr. defeat in battle, conquer law [law] adj. clear, certain law si [ˈlaw ˈs•i] vin. make clear lawk [l•awk̚] vtr. discourse on, talk about, say something concerning lawnol [ˈlaw.nol] n. great joy lawr [lawɾ] n. melody layompin [la.ˈjom.pin] n. black layon [la.ˈjon] adj. black le’aw [lɛ.ˈʔaw] adj. only le’en [lɛ.ˈʔɛn] adj. speculative, intuitive lefkrr [lɛ.ˈfkṛ] adj. current lefngap [lɛ.ˈfŋap̚] adj. metallic lefpom [lɛ.ˈfpom] adj. happy, peaceful, joyous, pleasant lefpomron [lɛ.fpom.ˈɾon] adj. healthy (mentally) lefpomtokx [lɛ.fpom.ˈtok’] adj. healthy (physically) lehawmpam [lɛ.ˈhawm.pam] adj. noisy lehawng [lɛ.ˈhawŋ] adj. excessive lehawngkrr [lɛ.ˈhawŋ.kṛ] adj. late lehìpey [lɛ.ˈhɪ.pɛj] adj. hesitant, in a state of hesitation lehoan [lɛ.ˈho.an] adj. comfortable lehrrap [lɛ.ˈhṛ.ap̚] adj. dangerous leioae [lɛ.i.o.ˈa.ɛ] n. respect leioae si [lɛ.i.o.ˈa.ɛ s•i] vin. to respect lek [l•ɛk̚] vtr. heed, obey lekin [lɛ.ˈkin] adj. necessary lekoren [lɛ.ko.ˈɾɛn] adj. lawlike lekye’ung [lɛk.ˈjɛ.ʔuŋ] adj. insane, crazy lemweypey [lɛm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] adj. patient len [l•ɛn] vin. happen, occur leno [lɛ.ˈno] adj. thorough, detailorientated (of a person) lenomum [lɛ.ˈno.mum] adj. curious lenrra [lɛ.ˈnṛ.a] adj. proud lepay [lɛ.ˈpaj] adj. watery lepwopx [lɛp.ˈwop’] adj. cloudy ler [lɛɾ] adj. steady, smooth (for motion) lereyfya [lɛ.ˈɾɛj.fja] adj. cultural lerìk [lɛ.ˈɾɪk̚] adj. leafy lerìn [lɛ.ˈrɪn] adj. wooden, of wood leronsrel [lɛ.ˈɾon.sɾɛl] adj. imaginary lertu [ˈlɛɾ.tu] n. colleague lesar [lɛ.ˈsaɾ] adj. useful leskxir [lɛ.ˈsk’iɾ] adj. wounded lesnonrra [lɛ.sno.ˈnṛ.a] adj. full of self-pride leso’ha [lɛ.ˈsoʔ.ha] adj. enthusiastic, keen letam [lɛ.ˈtam] adj. sufficient letokx [lɛ.ˈtok’] adj. bodily, physical letrr [lɛ.ˈtṛ] adj. daily letrrtrr [lɛ.ˈtṛ.tṛ] adj. ordinary letsim [lɛ.ˈt͡sim] adj. original, unique, not derived from another source letskxe [lɛ.ˈt͡sk’ɛ] adj. stony, of stone letsranten [lɛ.ˈt͡sɾan.tɛn] adj. important letsunslu [lɛ.ˈt͡sun.slu] adj. possible letwan [lɛt.ˈwan] adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a person) letxi [lɛ.ˈt’i] adj. hurried, frenzied letxiluke [lɛ.ˈt’i.lu.kɛ] adj. unhurried lew [lɛw] n. cover, lid lew si [ˈlɛw ˈs•i] vin. cover lewäte [lɛ.wæ.ˈtɛ] adj. disagreeable, argumentative (of an agent) leweopx [lɛ.wɛ.ˈop’] adj. wavelike ley [l•ɛj] vin. be of value, have some positive value, be worth something leyapay [lɛ.ˈja.paj] adj. foggy, misty leye’krr [lɛ.ˈjɛʔ.kṛ] adj. early leyewla [lɛ.ˈjɛw.la] adj. disappointing leym [l•ɛjm] vim. call, cry out, exclaim leymfe’ [l•ɛjm.ˈfɛʔ] vin. complain leymkem [l•ɛjm.ˈkɛm] vin. protest leyn [l•ɛjn] vtr. repeat, do again lezeswa [lɛ.ˈzɛ.swa] adj. grassy li

adv. already lì’fya [ˈlɪʔ.fja] n. language lì’fyaolo’ [ˈlɪʔ.fja.o.ˈloʔ] n. language group, language users lì’fyavi [ˈlɪʔ.fja.vi] n. expression, bit of language lì’kong [ˈlɪʔ.koŋ] n. syllable lì’u [ˈlɪ.ʔu] n. word lì’ukìng [ˈlɪ.ʔu.kɪŋ] n. sentence lì’ukìngvi [ˈlɪ.ʔu.kɪŋ.vi] n. phrase lì’upam [ˈlɪ.ʔu.pam] n. accent, pronunciation lì’upe [ˈlɪ.ʔu.pɛ] inter. what (word, utterance) lì’uvan [ˈlɪ.ʔu.van] n. pun, wordplay lì’uvi [ˈlɪ.’ʔu.vi] n. affix lie [ˈli.ɛ] n. experience lìm [l•ɪm] svin. be far lìng [l•ɪŋ] vin. float in the air, hover lini [ˈli.ni] n. young of an animal, bird, fish, insect lisre [ˈli.sɾɛ] adp. by, before, up to but not after litx [lit’] adj. sharp (as a blade) loi [ˈlo.i] n. egg lok [l•ok̚] adp. close to lok [l•ok̚] vtr. approach lom [lom] adj. missing, missed (as an absent person who is longed for) lomtu [ˈlom.tu] n. missed person lonu [l•o.ˈn•u] vtr. release, let go lopx [l•op’] vin. panic lor [loɾ] adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses loran [ˈlo.ɾan] n. elegance, grace loreyu [lo.ˈɾɛ.ju] n. helicoradian, beautiful spiral lrrtok [ˈlṛ.tok̚] n. smile lrrtok si [ˈlṛ.tok̚ ˈs•i] vin. smile lu [l•u] vin., svin. be, am, is, are luke [ˈlu.kɛ] adp. without lukpen [luk.ˈpɛn] adj. without clothing, naked lumpe [ˈlum.pɛ] inter. why lun [lun] n. reason lupra [ˈlup.ɾa] n. style ma [ma] part. O (vocative marker) makto [ˈm•ak.t•o] vtr. ride mäkxu [m•æ.ˈk’u] vtr. interrupt, throw out of harmonious balance mal [mal] adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring masat [ˈma.sat] n. breastplate (armor) mauti [ˈma.u.ti] n. fruit maw [maw] adp. after (time) mawey [ma.ˈwɛj] adj. calm maweypey [ma.ˈwɛj.p•ɛj] svin. be patient (ii) mawfwa [ˈmaw.fwa] conj. after mawkrr [ˈmaw.kṛ] adv. after, afterwards, later mawkrra [maw.ˈkṛ.a] conj. after (temporal) mawl [mawl] n. half may’ [m•ajʔ] vtrm. taste, try, sample, evaluate, check out me’em [mɛ.ˈʔɛm] adj. harmonious mefo [ˈmɛ.fo] pn. they, those two mek [mɛk̚] adj. empty, or metaphorically: having no value mekre [ˈmɛk.ɾɛ] n. supplies mektseng [ˈmɛk.t͡sɛŋ] n. gap, breach melo [ˈmɛ.lo] adv. twice menari [mɛ.ˈna.ɾi] n. eyes (two) merki [ˈmɛɾ.ki] n. ground rack (for smoking meats) mesrram [mɛ.sṛ.ˈam] n., adv. the day before yesterday, two days ago mesrray [mɛ.sṛ.ˈaj] n., adv. the day after tomorrow, two days from now meuia [mɛ.ˈu.i.a] n. honor meuianga’ [mɛ.ˈu.i.a.ŋaʔ] adj. honorable, honorably meyam [m•ɛ.ˈy•am] vtr. hug, embrace, hold in one’s arms meyp [mɛjp̚] adj. weak mi [mi] adv. yet, still, as before mì [mɪ] adp. in, on mìfa [ˈmɪ.fa] or [mɪ.ˈfa] n., adv. inside mìftxele [mɪ.ˈft’ɛ.lɛ] adv. in this regard, related to this matter mìkam [mɪ.ˈkam] adp. between miklor [mɪk.ˈloɾ] adj. pleasant sounding, beautiful sounding miktsang [ˈmik.t͡saŋ] n. earring mikvä’ [mɪk.ˈvæʔ] adj. bad-sounding mikyun [ˈmik.jun] n. ear mìn [m•ɪn] vin. turn, rotate on an axis mìnyu [ˈmɪn.ju] n. turner, twisted lily mìnyu [ˈmɪn.ju] n. turner mip [mip̚] adj. new mìso [mɪ.ˈso] adv. away (position) mll’an [m•ḷ.ˈʔ•an] vtr. accept mllte [m•ḷ.ˈt•ɛ] vin. agree mo [mo] n. space, hollow, enclosed open area mo’ara [mo.ˈʔa.ɾa] n. gathering place moe [ˈmo.ɛ] pn. we two, us two (exclusive) mok [m•ok̚] vtr. suggest mokri [ˈmok.ɾi] n. voice momek [ˈmo.mɛk̚] adj. hollow, not solid mong [m•oŋ] vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for protection mowar [mo.ˈwaɾ] n. advice, bit or piece of advice mowar si [mo.ˈwaɾ s•i] vin. advise mowarsiyu [mo.ˈwaɾ.si.ju] n. advisor mrr [mṛ] num. five mrrtrr [ˈmṛ.tṛ] n. five day work week mrrve [ˈmṛ.vɛ] adj. fifth (ordinal) muiä [mu.ˈi.æ] adj. proper, fair, right, justified mun’i [m•un.ˈʔ•i] v. cut mune [ˈmu.nɛ] num. two munge [ˈm•u.ŋ•ɛ] vtr. take, bring mungwrr [muŋ.ˈwṛ] adp. except munsna [ˈmun.sna] n. pair muntrr [ˈmun.tṛ] n. weekend muntrram [ˈmun.tṛ.am] n. last weekend muntrray [ˈmun.tṛ.aj] n. next weekend muntxa [mun.ˈt’a] adj. mated, married muntxa si [mun.ˈt’a ˈs•i] vin. mate (with someone), marry muntxatan [mun.ˈt’a.tan] n. husband, male spouse muntxate [mun.ˈt’a.tɛ] n. wife, female spouse muntxatu [mun.ˈt’a.tu] n. spouse muve [ˈmu.vɛ] adj. second (ordinal) muwìntxu [mu.w•ɪn.ˈt’•u] vtr. introduce, present na [na] adp. like, as na’rìng [ˈnaʔ.ɾɪŋ] n. forest naer [na.ˈɛɾ] n. drink, something able to be drunk nafì’u [na.fɪ.ˈʔu] adj. such näk [n•æk̚] vtr. drink nam’ake [nam.ˈʔa.kɛ] adv. confidently nän [n•æn] vin. decrease nang [naŋ] part. surprise, exclamation, encouragement (mirative) nantangtsyìp [ˈnan.taŋ.t͡sJɪp̚] n. dog (earth animal lit. little nantang nari [ˈna.ɾi] n. eye nari si [ˈna.ɾi s•i] vin. watch out, be careful narlor [naɾ.ˈloɾ] adj. beautiful visually narvä’ [naɾ.ˈvæʔ] adj. ugly, unsightly natkenong [nat.ˈkɛ.noŋ] conj. for example, as an example nawfwe [naw.ˈfwɛ] adj. fluent (for speech) nawm [nawm] adj. great, noble nawmtu [ˈnawm.tu] n. great person nawri [ˈnaw.ɾi] adj. talented nayn [najn] n. the symbol 9 (not the value nine) ne [nɛ] adp. to, towards (direction) ne’ìm [nɛ.ˈʔɪm] adv. back (direction) nefä [nɛ.ˈfæ] adv. up (direction) nekll [nɛ.ˈkḷ] adv. down (direction) nekx [n•ɛk’] vtr. burn, consume nemfa [ˈnɛm.fa] adp. into, inside nemrey [nɛm.ˈɾɛj] adv.,intj. in a fashion as if one’s life were at stake neni [ˈnɛ.ni] n. sand neto [nɛ.ˈto] adv. away (direction) netrìp [ˈnɛt.ɾɪp̚] adv. luckily, happily new [n•ɛw] vtrm. want newomum [n•ɛw.ˈo.mum] svin. be curious, want to know neympin [ˈnɛjm.pin] n. light color neyn [nɛjn] adj. light colors, shades of white nì’al [nɪ.ˈʔal] adv. wastefully nì’aw [nɪ.ˈʔaw] adv. only nì’awtu [nɪ.ˈʔaw.tu] adv. alone (as one person) nì’awve [nɪ.ˈʔaw.vɛ] adv. first nì’en [nɪ.ˈʔɛn] adv. making an informed guess, acting on intuition nì’eng [nɪ.ˈʔɛŋ] adv. equally, on the same level nì’eoio [nɪ.ˈʔɛ.o.i.o] adv. ceremoniously nì’eveng [nɪ.ˈʔɛ.vɛŋ] adv. like a child, immaturely nì’eyng [nɪ.ˈʔɛjŋ] adv. back, in response, in answer nì’i’a [nɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a] adv. finally, at long last nì’it [nɪ.ˈʔit̚] adv. a bit, a small amount (abstract) nì’o’ [nɪ.ˈʔoʔ] adv. in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably nì’ul [nɪ.ˈʔul] adv. more nì’ul’ul [nɪ.ˈʔul.ʔul] adv. increasingly, more and more niä [n•i.•ˈæ] vtr. grab nìawnomum [nɪ.aw.ˈno.mum] adv. as you know, as is known (casual speech [naw.no.mum]) nìayoeng [nɪ.aj.ˈwɛŋ] adv. like us, as we do nìfe’ [nɪ.ˈfɛʔ] adv. badly nìfkeytongay [nɪ.fkɛj.to.ˈŋaj] adv. actually, as a matter of fact nìfkrr [nɪ.ˈfkṛ] adv. lately, currently nìflrr [nɪ.ˈflṛ] adv. gently, tenderly nìfmokx [nɪ.ˈfmok’] adv. jealously, enviously nìfnu [nɪ.ˈfnu] adv. silently nìfrakrr [nɪ.ˈfɾa.kṛ] adv. as always nìftär [nɪ.ˈftæɾ] adv. to the left nìftue [nɪ.ˈftu.ɛ] adv. easily nìftxan [nɪ.ˈft’an] adv. so, to such an extent nìftxavang [nɪ.ˈft’a.vaŋ] adv. passionately, with all heart nìfwefwi [nɪ.ˈfwɛ.fwi] adv. by whistling, in a whistling manner nìfya’o [nɪ.ˈfja.ʔo] adv. in a manner nìfyeyntu [nɪ.ˈfjɛjn.tu] adv. like an adult, maturely nìhawmpam [nɪ.ˈhawm.pam] adv. noisily nìhawng [nɪ.ˈhawŋ] adv. too, excessively nìhay [nɪ.ˈhaj] adv. next nìhek [nɪ.ˈhɛk̚] adv. strangely, oddly nìhìpey [nɪ.ˈhɪ.pɛj] adv. hesitantly nìhoan [nɪ.ˈho.an] adv. comfortably nìhoet [nɪ.ˈho.ɛt̚] adv. widely, pervasively nìhol [nɪ.ˈhol] adv. few, not many nìhona [nɪ.ˈho.na] adv. endearingly, sweetly nik [nik̚] adj. convenient, usable without much expenditure of effort nìk’ärìp [nɪk.ˈʔæ.ɾɪp̚] adv. steadily nìk’ong [nɪk.ˈʔoŋ] adv. slowly nìkanu [nɪ.ˈka.nu] adv. intelligently, in a smart way nìkeftxo [nɪ.kɛ.ˈft’o] adv. unfortunately, sadly nìkelkin [nɪ.kɛl.ˈkin] adv. unnecessarily nìkemweypey [nɪ.kɛm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] adv. impatiently nìklonu [nɪk.lo.ˈnu] adv. firmly, steadfastly, faithfully nìkmar [nɪk.ˈmaɾ] adv. in the right season, opportunely nikre [ˈnik.ɾɛ] n. hair nikroi [nik.ˈɾo.i] n. hair adornment nìksman [nɪk.ˈsman] adv. wonderfully nìksran [nɪk.ˈsɾan] adv. in a mediocre manner niktsyey [ˈnik.t͡sjɛj] n. food wrap (food items wrapped in edible leaves or vines) nìktungzup [nɪk.tuŋ.ˈzup̚] adv. carefully, firmly nìkx [nɪk’] n. gravel nìkxap [nɪ.ˈk’ap̚] adv. threateningly nìkxem [nɪ.ˈk’ɛm] adv. vertically nìlam [nɪ.ˈlam] adv. apparently nìlaw [nɪ.ˈlaw] adv. clearly nìler [nɪ.ˈlɛɾ] adv. steadily nìli [nɪ.ˈli] adv. in advance nìlkeftang [nɪl.kɛ.ˈftaŋ] adv. continuously, incessantly, without stopping nìltsan [nɪl.ˈt͡san] adv. well nìlun [nɪ.ˈlun] adv. of course, logically, following common sense nim [nim] adj. timid, shy nìmal [nɪ.ˈmal] adv. trustingly, without hesitation nìmeyp [nɪ.ˈmɛjp̚] adv. weakly, loosely nìmun [nɪ.ˈmun] adv. again nìmwey [nɪm.ˈwɛj] adv. calmly, peacefully nìmweypey [nɪm.ˈwɛj.pɛj] adv. patiently nìn [n•ɪn] vtr. look at nìnäk [nɪ.ˈnæk̚] adv. by drinking, in a liquid way ninan [ˈni.nan] adv. by reading nìnän [nɪ.ˈnæn] adv. less nìnänän [nɪ.ˈnæn.æn] adv. decreasingly, less and less nìngay [nɪ.ˈŋaj] adv. truly nìngong [nɪ.ˈŋoŋ] adv. lethargically, lazily ningyen [ˈniŋ,jɛn] adv. mysteriously, in a puzzling fashion nìno [nɪ.ˈno] adv. in detail, expansively, thoroughly nìnrra [nɪ.ˈnṛ.a] adv. proudly, with pride nìolo’ [nɪ.o.ˈloʔ] adv. (together) as members of a clan nip [n•ip̚] vin. become stuck, get caught in something nìprrte’ [nɪ.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] adv. pleasurably, gladly, with pleasure nìpxay [nɪ.ˈp’aj] adv. many, manily nìpxi [nɪ.ˈp’i] adv. especially, pointedly, unambiguously nìpxim [nɪ.ˈp’im] adv. erectly, rightly nìran [nɪ.ˈɾan] adv. basically, fundamentally, in essence nìrangal [nɪ.ˈɾa.ŋal] adv. wish (contrary to fact, with perfective or imperfective subjunctive) nìronsrel [nɪ.ˈɾon.sɾɛl] adv. in imagination, by imagination nìsìlpey [nɪ.sɪl.ˈpej] adv. hopefully nìskien [nɪ.ˈski.ɛn] adv. to the right nìslele [nɪ.ˈslɛ.lɛ] adv. by swimming nìsngä’i [nɪ.ˈsŋæ.ʔi] adv. originally, at first nìsngum [nɪ.ˈsŋum] adv. worryingly, fretfully nìso’ha [nɪ.ˈsoʔ.ha] adv. enthusiastically nìsoaia [nɪ.so.ˈa.i.a] adv. (together) as members of a family nìsteng [nɪ.ˈstɛŋ] adv. similarly nìsti [nɪ.ˈsti] adv. angrily nìsung [nɪ.ˈsuŋ] adv. besides, additionally, furthermore nìswey [nɪ.ˈswɛj] adv. optimally, best nìsyayvi [nɪ.ˈsjaj.vi] adv. by chance or coincidence nìsyen [nɪ.ˈsjɛn] adv. lastly nìsyep [nɪ.ˈsjɛp̚] adv. tightly, in an iron grip nìtam [nɪ.ˈtam] adv. enough nìteng [nɪ.ˈtɛŋ] adv. too, also, as well, likewise nìtengfya [nɪ.ˈtɛŋ.fja] adv. as, same way as (similar action) nìtkan [nɪt.ˈkan] adv. purposefully, deliberately nìtkanluke [nɪt.ˈkan.lu.ke] adv. accidentally, unintentionally nitram [nit.ˈɾam] adj. happy (of people) nìtrrtrr [nɪ.ˈtṛ.tṛ] adv. on a daily basis, regularly nìtsim [nɪ.ˈt͡sim] adv. originally, in an original way, with originality nìtsìsyì [nɪ.ˈt͡sɪ.syɪ] adv. by whispering, in a whisper nìtsleng [nɪ.ˈt͡slɛŋ] adv. falsely nìtson [nɪ.ˈt͡son] adv. dutifully, as an obligation nìtsyìl [nɪ.ˈt͡sjɪl] adv. by climbing nìtut [nɪ.ˈtut̚] adv. continually nìtxan [nɪ.ˈt’an] adv. much (abstract), very nìtxay [nɪ.ˈt’aj] adv. horizontally nìtxi [nɪ.ˈt’i] adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way nìtxiluke [nɪ.ˈt’i.lu.kɛ] adv. unhurriedly, leisurely nivi [ˈni.vi] n. sleeping hammock (general term) nìvingkap [nɪ.ˈviŋ.kap̚] adv. by the way, incidentally nìwä [nɪ.ˈwæ] adv. on the contrary, conversely nìwan [nɪ.ˈwan] adv. secretly, in hiding, by hiding nìwäte [nɪ.wæ.ˈtɛ] adv. disagreeably, begrudgingly nìwawe [nɪ.wa.ˈwɛ] adv. meaningfully, significantly nìwin [nɪ.ˈwin] adv. fast, quickly nìwok [nɪ.ˈwok̚] adv. loudly nìwotx [nɪ.ˈwot’] adv. all (of), completely nìyawr [nɪ.ˈjawɾ] adv. correctly, rightly nìyewla [nɪ.ˈjɛw.la] adv. in a disappointing fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations nìyey [nɪ.ˈjɛj] adv. directly, straight to the point nìyeyfya [nɪ.ˈjɛj.fja] adv. straight ahead, in a straight nìyll [nɪ.ˈjḷ] adv. communally, in a communal manner nìyo’ [nɪ.ˈjoʔ̚] adv. perfectly, flawlessly nìyol [nɪ.ˈjol] adv. briefly, shortly (of time) nìyrr [nɪ.ˈjṛ] adv. naturally, without tampering with or changing the nature nìzawnong [nɪ.ˈzaw.noŋ] adv. safely nìzen [nɪ.ˈzɛn] adv. necessarily nokx [n•ok’] vtr. give birth to nong [n•oŋ] vtr. follow, proceed after nopx [n•op’] vtr. put away, store nrr [n•ṛ] vin. glow, be luminous nrra [ˈnṛ.a] n. pride, feeling of pride nuä [ˈnu.æ] adp. beyond nui [ˈn•u.•i] vin. fail, falter, go astray, not obtain expected or desired result nulkrr [nul.ˈkṛ] adv. longer (time) nulnew [nul.ˈn•ɛw] vtrm. prefer (ii) nume [ˈn•u.m•ɛ] vin. learn numeyu [ˈnu.mɛ.ju] n. student numtseng [ˈnum.t͡sɛŋ] n. school numtsengvi [ˈnum.t͡sɛŋ.vi] n. classroom, division of a school numultxa [nu.mul.ˈt’a] n. class (for instruction) numultxatu [nu.mul.ˈt’a.tu] n. classmate, member of a class nutx [nut’] adj. thick nga [ŋa] pn. you nga’ [ŋaʔ] vtr. contain ngä’än [ŋ•æ.ˈʔ•æn] vin. suffer mentally or emotionally, be miserable ngam [ŋam] n. echo ngampam [ˈŋam.pam] n. rhyme ngäng [ŋæŋ] n. stomach ngatsyìp [ˈŋa.t͡sjɪp̚] pn. little you, you little ngawng [ŋawŋ] n. worm ngay [ŋaj] adj. true ngaytxoa [ŋaj.ˈt’o.a] intj. sorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) ngäzìk [ˈŋæ.zɪk̚] adj. difficult, hard ngenga [ŋɛ.ˈŋa] pn. you (honorific form) ngep [ŋɛp̚] n. navel nget [ŋɛt̚] adj. smell of decaying wood and leaves, dank (nonanimal decay) ngeyn [ŋɛjn] adj. tired ngian [ŋi.ˈan] adv. however ngim [ŋim] adj. long (physical length) ngimpup [ŋim.ˈpup̚] n. length ngip [ŋip̚] n. space, open or borderless area ngoa [ˈŋo.a] n. mud ngong [ŋoŋ] adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient energy, lazy ngop [ŋ•op̚] vtr. create ngopyu [ˈŋop.ju] n. creator ngrr [ŋṛ] n. root ngrrpongu [ŋṛ.po.ŋu] n. grassroots movement ngul [ŋul] adj. grey, drab ngulpin [ˈŋul.pin] n. grey nguway [ˈŋu.waj] n. howl, cry oe [ˈo.ɛ] pn. I, me oeng [ˈwɛŋ] pn. we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I oetsyìp [ˈwɛ.t͡sjɪp̚] pn. little me, little I oeyk [o.ˈɛjk̚] n. cause oeyktìng [o.ˈɛjk.t•ɪŋ] vtr. explain (why) (ii) ohakx [o.ˈhak’] adj. hungry ohe [ˈo.hɛ] pn. I (deferential or ceremonial form) okup [ˈo.kup̚] n. milk olo’ [o.ˈloʔ] n. clan olo’eyktan [o.lo.ˈʔɛjk.tan] n. clan leader omum [•o.ˈm•um] vtr. know onlor [on.ˈloɾ] adj. good-smelling ontsang [ˈon.t͡saŋ] n. nose ring ontu [ˈon.tu] n. nose onvä’ [on.ˈvæʔ] adj. bad smelling pa’o [ˈpa.ʔo] n. side pähem [ˈp•æ.h•ɛm] vin. arrive pak [pak̚] part. disparagement pam [pam] n. sound pamrel [pam.ˈɾɛl] n. writing pamrel si [pam.ˈɾɛl ˈs•i] vin. write pamrelfya [pam.ˈɾɛl.fja] n. spelling pamrelsiyu [pam.ˈrɛl.si.ju] n. writer pamrelvi [pam.ˈɾɛl.vi] n. letter (phonetic symbol) pamtseo [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o] n. music pamtseo si [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o ˈs•i] vin. play music (with fa for instrument played) pamtseongopyu [pam.t͡sɛ.o.ˈŋop.ju] n. music creator, composer pamtseotu [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o.tu] n. musician pamtseowll [ˈpam.t͡sɛ.o.wḷ] n. cat ear, music plant pamuvan [ˈpam.u.van] n. sound play pan [pan] n. third, one third pängkxo [p•æŋ.ˈk’•o] vin. chat, converse, have a conversation pängkxoyu [pæŋ.ˈk’o.ju] n. chatter, converser pängkxoyu lekoren [pæŋ.ˈk’o.ju lɛ.ko.ˈɾɛn] n. lawyer pänu [ˈpæ.nu] n. promise pänutìng [ˈpæ.nu.t•ɪŋ] vtr. promise (a thing to someone) (ii) paskalin [pa.ska.ˈlin] n. sweet berry (term of endearment) päsketpol [pæ.skɛt.pol] n. basketball pasuk [ˈpa.suk̚] n. berry pate [ˈp•a.t•ɛ] v. get to a place, arrive pätsì [ˈpæ.t͡sɪ] n. badge pawk [pawk̚] n. horn, wind instrument pawm [p•awm] v. ask pay [paj] n. water, liquid payfya [ˈpaj.fja] n. stream payìva [ˈpaj.ɪ.va] n. drop of water paynäpll [ˈpaj.næ.pḷ] n. pineapple paynga’ [ˈpaj.ŋaʔ] adj. moist, humid, damp payoang [paj.ˈo.aŋ] n. fish paysena [ˈpaj.sɛ.na] n. water container paytxew [paj.ˈt’ɛw] n. shoreline, water’s edge paywll [ˈpaj.wḷ] n. water plant pe [pɛ] affix inter. marker pe’un [ˈp•ɛ.ʔ•un] vtr. decide pefnel [pɛ.ˈfnɛl] inter. which kind pefya [pɛ.ˈfja] inter. how pefyinep’ang [pɛ.fjin.ɛp.ˈʔaŋ] inter. how complex? pehem [pɛ.ˈhɛm] inter. what (action) pehrr [pɛ.ˈhṛ] inter. when pekxinum [pɛ.ˈk’in.um] inter. how tight, loose? pelì’u [pɛ.ˈlɪ.ʔu] inter. what (word, utterance) pelun [pɛ.ˈlun] inter. why peng [p•ɛŋ] vtr. tell penghrr [p•ɛŋ.ˈhṛ] vin. warn penghrrap [pɛŋ.ˈhṛ.ap̚] n. binary sunshine, fringed lamp peseng [pɛ.ˈsɛŋ] inter. where peslosnep [pɛ.slo.ˈsnɛp̚] inter. what width, how wide? pesomwew [pɛ.som.ˈwɛw] inter. what temperature? pesu [pɛ.ˈsu] inter. who peu [pɛ.ˈu] inter. what (thing) pewn [pɛwn] n. neck pey [p•ɛj] vin. wait, wait for piak [pi.ˈak̚] adj. open, clear (for cloudless skies) piak si [pi.ˈak̚ s•i] vin. open pil [pil] n. facial stripe pìlok [pɪ.ˈlok̚] n. blog pìmtxan [pɪm.ˈt’an] inter. how much pìsaw [pɪ.ˈsaw] adj. clumsy, accident-prone pìwopx [pɪ.ˈwop’] n. cloud pizayu [ˈpi.za.ju] n. ancestor pllhrr [p•ḷ.ˈhṛ] vin. warn pllngay [p•ḷ.ˈŋaj] vin. admit plltxe [p•ḷ.ˈt’•ɛ] v. speak plltxeyu [pḷ.ˈt’ɛ.ju] n. speaker po [po] pn. he, she poan [po.ˈan] pn. he (no plural form: use (ay)fo) polpxay [pol.ˈp’aj] inter. how many pom [p•om] vtr. kiss pongu [ˈpo.ŋu] n. a group or party of people postì [ˈpo.stɪ] n. (forum/blog) post prrku [ˈpṛ.ku] n. womb prrnen [ˈpṛ.nɛn] n. infant, baby prrnesyul [ˈpṛ.nɛ.sjul] n. bud prrsmung [ˈpṛ.smuŋ] n. baby carrier prrte’ [ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] adj. pleasurable (of an activity) prrwll [ˈpṛ.wḷ] n. moss puk [puk̚] n. book pukap [ˈpu.kap̚] num. six puktsyìp [ˈpuk.t͡sjɪp̚] n. pamphlet, booklet pup [pup̚] adj. short (physical length) puve [ˈpu.vɛ] adj. sixth (ordinal) pxan [p’an] adj. worthy pxasul [ˈp’a.sul] adj. fresh, appealing as food pxaw [p’aw] adp. around pxawngip [ˈp’aw.ŋip̚] n. environment pxawpa [ˈp’aw.pa] n. perimeter, circumference, border pxawpxun [ˈp’aw.p’un] n. armband pxay [p’aj] adj. many pxayopin [ˈp’aj.o.pin] adj. colorful, multicolored, variegated pxayzekwä [p’aj.ˈzɛk.wæ] n. spiny whips pxek [p’•ɛk̚] vtr. kick, shove pxel [p’ɛl] adp. like, as pxelo [ˈp’ɛ.lo] adv. thrice, three times pxen [p’ɛn] n. functional clothing (item of) pxesrram [p’ɛ.sṛ.ˈam] n., adv. three days ago pxesrray [p’ɛ.sṛ.ˈaj] n., adv. three days from now pxey [p’ɛj] num. three pxeyve [ˈp’ɛj.vɛ] adj. third (ordinal) pxi [p’i] adj. sharp (as a point) pxim [p’im] adj. erect, upright pxìm [p’ɪm] adv. often pximaw [p’i.ˈmaw] adp. right after pxìmun’i [p’ɪ.m•un.ʔˈ•i] vtr. divide, cut into parts pxir [p’iɾ] n. beer pxiset [p’i.ˈsɛt̚] adv. right now pxisre [p’i.ˈsɾɛ] adp. right before pxiswawam [p’i.swaw.ˈam] adv. just a moment ago pxiswaway [p’i.swaw.ˈaj] adv. in just a second from now pxiut [ˈp’i.ut̚] n. razor palm, sharp tree pxiwll [ˈp’i.wḷ] n. hermit bud plant pxor [p’•oɾ] vin. explode pxorpam [ˈp’oɾ.pam] n. ejective consonant pxun [p’un] n. arm pxuntil [ˈp’un.til] n. elbow rä’ä [ɾæ.ˈʔæ] part. do not (for negative imperatives, commands only) ral [ɾal] n. meaning ralnga’ [ˈɾal.ŋaʔ] adj. meaningful, instructive, something from which a lesson can be learned ralpeng [ɾal.ˈp•ɛŋ] vtr. interpret (ii) ram [ɾam] n. mountain ramtsyìp [ˈɾam.t͡sjɪp̚] n. hill ramunong [ɾa.ˈmu.noŋ] n. well ran [ɾan] n. intrinsic character or nature, essence, constititution; basic nature of something resulting from the totality of its properties; often best translated as personality rangal [ˈɾ•a.ŋ•al] vin. wish räptum [ræp.ˈtum] adj. coarse, vulgar, socially unacceptable raspu’ [ɾa.ˈspuʔ] n. leggings (used in war) rawke [ˈɾaw.kɛ] intj. alarm cry, call to rawm [ɾawm] n. lightning (general term) rawmpxom [ˈɾawm.p’om] n. thunder and lightning rawn [ɾ•awn] vtr. replace, substitute rawng [rawŋ] n. entrance, doorway rawp [ɾawp̚] n. bladder polyp re’o [ˈɾɛ.ʔo] n. head rel [ɾɛl] n. image, picture rel arusikx [ˈrɛl a.ru.ˈsikx] n. movie, film, video reltseo [ˈɾɛl.t͡sɛ.o] n. visual art reltseotu [ˈɾɛl.t͡sɛ.o.tu] n. artist (visual) reng [ɾɛŋ] adj. shallow (physically) rengop [ˈrɛ.ŋ•op̚] vtr. design (finer detail) renten [ˈɾɛn.tɛn] n. goggles, (made from insect wings, carved from wood, etc) renu [ˈɾɛ.nu] n. pattern renulke [ˈɾɛ.nul.kɛ] adj. irregular, random rewon [ˈɾɛ.won] n. morning rey [ɾ•ɛj] vin. live reyfya [ˈɾɛj.fja] n. way of living, culture reykol [ɾɛj.ˈkol] vtr. play music, make to sing (poetic) reym [ɾɛjm] n. dry land reypay [ˈɾɛj.paj] n. blood rì’ìr [ˈɾɪ.ʔɪɾ] n. reflection rì’ìr si [ˈɾɪʔ.ɪɾ s•i] vin. reflect, imitate rìk [ɾɪk̚] n. leaf rìkean [ˈɾɪ.kɛ.an] adj. leaf green rikx [ɾ•ik’] vin. move, shift position rimpin [ˈɾim.pin] n. yellow rìn [ɾɪn] n. wood rina’ [ɾi.ˈnaʔ] n. seed ro [ɾo] adp. at (locative) ro’a [ˈɾ•o.ʔ•a] vin. be impressive, inspire awe or respect rofa [ˈɾo.fa] adp. beside, alongside rol [ɾ•ol] v. sing rong [ɾoŋ] n. tunnel ronguway [ɾ•o.ˈŋu.waj] vin. howl ronguwayyu [ɾo.ˈŋu.waj.ju] n. howler ronsem [ˈɾon.sɛm] n. mind rou [ˈɾ•o.•u] vin. be, or get drunk rum [ɾum] n. ball rumut [ˈɾum.ut̚] n. ball tree run [ɾ•un] vtr. find, discover rurur [ɾu.ˈɾuɾ] n. water that is aeriated while flowing among the rocks of a very gradually sloping stream (countable) rusey [ɾu.ˈsɛj] adj., n. alive, living, living thing rutxe [ɾu.ˈt’ɛ] intj. please sa [s•a] vin. rise to a challenge sä’anla [sæ.ˈʔan.la] n. yearning sä’eoio [sæ.ˈʔɛ.o.i.o] n. ceremony, ritual, rite sä’eoio si [sæ.ˈʔɛ.o.i.o s•i] vin. take part in a ceremony, perform a ritual sa’ewrang [sa.ˈʔɛw.ɾaŋ] n. mother loom, giant loom sä’ipu [sæ.ˈʔi.pu] n. something humorous sa’nok [ˈsaʔ.nok̚] n. mother sa’nu [ˈsaʔ.nu] n. mum, mommy (affectionate form of) sa’nutsyìp [ˈsaʔ.nu.t͡sjɪp̚] n. little mommy (used for young girls) sä’o [ˈsæ.ʔo] n. tool, utensil sa’sem [ˈsaʔ.sɛm] n. parent or set of parents saa [ˈsa:] intj. threatening cry säfe’ul [sæ.ˈfɛ.ʔul] n. worsening (specific instance) säflä [sæ.ˈflæ] n. success (an instance of succeeding) säfmi [sæ.ˈfmi] n. attempt säfngo’ [sæ.ˈfŋoʔ] n. requirement, demand säfpìl [sæ.ˈfpɪl] n. idea säftxulì’u [sæ.ft’u.ˈlɪ.ʔu] n. speech, oration säfyep [sæ.ˈfjɛp̚] n. handle sähena [sæ.ˈhɛ.na] n. container, vessel, carrier säkanom [sæ.ˈka.nom] n. something acquired, an acquisition, a possession sälang [sæ.ˈlaŋ] n. an exploration or investigation sälatem [sæ.ˈla.tɛm] n. change (instance of), edit, modification sälätxayn [sæ.læ.ˈt’ajn] n. defeat, an instance of defeat salew [s•a.ˈl•ɛw] v. proceed, go salewfya [sa.ˈlɛw.fja] n. direction, course säleymfe’ [sæ.lɛjm.ˈfɛʔ] n. complaint säleymkem [sæ.lɛjm.ˈkɛm] n. protest, instance of protesting sämok [sæ.ˈmok̚] n. a suggestion sämunge [sæ.ˈmu.ŋɛ] n. transportation tool or device sämyam [sæm.ˈyam] n. hug, embrace san [san] adv. saying, quote sang [saŋ] adj. warm sängä’än [sæ.ŋæ.ˈʔæn] n. bout of suffering; episode of depression sängop [sæ.ˈŋop̚] n. creation sänrr [sæ.ˈnṛ] n. glow, an instance of glowing; light source, lamp sänui [sæ.ˈnu.i] n. failure (particular instance of failure) sänume [sæ.ˈnu.mɛ] n. teaching, instruction sänumvi [sæ.ˈnum.vi] n. lesson säomum [sæ.ˈo.mum] n. (piece of) information säpenghrr [sæ.pɛŋ.ˈhṛ] n. warning säplltxe [sæ.pḷ.ˈt’ɛ] n. statement säplltxevi [sæ.pḷ.ˈt’ɛ.vi] n. comment sar [s•aɾ] vtr. use särawn [sæ.ˈɾawn] n. replacement, substitute, something that replaces something else särengop [sæ.ˈrɛ.ŋop̚] n. design (a particular instance of designing) säro’a [sæ.ˈɾo.ʔa] n. feat, accomplishment, great deed säro’a si [sæ.ˈɾo.ʔa s•i] vin. do great deeds säseyto [sæ.sɛj.ˈto] n. butchering tool säsìlpey [sæ.sɪl.ˈpɛj] n. hope (particular instance) säspxin [sæ.ˈsp’in] n. disease, sickness, illness säspxintsyìp [sæ.ˈsp’in.t͡sjɪp̚] n. minor ailment säsrätx [sæ.ˈsɾæt’] n. annoyance säsrìn [sæ.ˈsɾɪn] n. lent or borrowed thing sästarsìm [sæ.ˈstaɾ.sɪm] n. collection (put together intentionally by a person) säsulìn [sæ.ˈsu.lɪn] n. hobby, pleasureyielding activity säsyep [sæ.ˈsjɛp̚] n. trap sat [sat̚] pn. that sätare [sæ.ˈta.ɾɛ] n. connection, relationship sätaron [sæ.ˈta.ɾon] n. hunt sätsan’ul [sæ.ˈt͡san.ʔul] n. improvement (specific instance) sätsìsyì [sæ.ˈt͡sɪ.syɪ] n. whisper sätswayon [sæ.ˈt͡swaj.on] n. flight (an instance of flying) sätsyìl [sæ.ˈt͡sjɪl] n. climbing event, a climb satu’li [sa.ˈtuʔ.li] n. heritage sau [sa.ˈu] intj. exclamation upon exertion, urgh säwäsul [sæ.ˈwæ.sul] n. a competition säwäsultsyìp [sæ.ˈwæ.sul.t͡sjɪp̚] n. a contest säwäte [sæ.wæ.ˈtɛ] n. point of contention, source of argument, thing disputed säwìngay [sæ.wɪ.ˈŋaj] n. proof (particular instance) säwìntxu [sæ.wɪn.ˈt’u] n. a showing, an exhibition säyäkx [sæ.ˈJæk’] n. snub saylahe [saj.ˈla.hɛ] adv. ‘et cetera’ sayrìp [ˈsaj.ɾɪp̚] adj. handsome, good looking säzärìp [sæ.ˈzæ.ɾɪp̚] n. face lead, rein sekrr [ˈsɛ.kṛ] n. present sempu [ˈsɛm.pu] n. daddy (affectionate form) set [sɛt̚] adv. now sevin [sɛ.ˈvin] adj. pretty sey [sɛj] n. cup or bowl minimally modified from naturally occurring resources seykxel [sɛj.ˈk’ɛl] adj. strong (emotionally, spiritually, not physical), confident seyn [sɛjn] n. chair, stool, bench; any tool or device to facilitate sitting seyri [ˈsɛj.ɾi] n. lip seyto [s•ɛj.ˈto] vtr. butcher (in the sense of separating or processing the carcass of a dead animal) seze [ˈsɛ.zɛ] n. blue flower si [s•i] auxiliary verb, postpositional nonbound verb do, make slantire [slan.ti.ˈɾɛ] n. inspiration slantire si [slan.ti.ˈɾɛ s•i] vin. inspire slär [slæɾ] n. cave slayk [sl•aJk̚] vtr. brush, comb slele [ˈsl•ɛ.l•ɛ] vin. swim sloa [ˈslo.a] adj. wide sloan [sl•o.ˈ•an] vtr. pour slosnep [slo.ˈsnɛp̚] n. width slosneppe [slo.ˈsnɛ.pɛ] inter. what width, how wide? slukx [sluk’] n. horn of an animal smar [smaɾ] n. prey, hunted thing snewsye [ˈsnɛw.sjɛ] adj. weird, spooky sneyä [snɛ.ˈjæ] pn. his own, her own, its own sngä’i [ˈsŋ•æ.ʔ•i] vim. begin, start sngä’ikrr [ˈsŋæ.ʔi.kṛ] n. beginning, starting time sngä’itseng [ˈsŋæ.ʔɪ.t͡sɛŋ] n. beginning, starting position, initial location sngä’iyu [ˈsŋæ.ʔi.ju] n. beginner sngap [sŋ•ap̚] vtr. sting sngel [sŋɛl] n. garbage, trash, rubbish sngeltseng [ˈsŋɛl.t͡sɛŋ] n. rubbish place, garbage dump sngukx [sŋuk’] n. grub plant sngum [sŋum] n. worry sngum si [sŋum s•i] vin. worry sngumtsim [ˈsŋum.t͡sim] n. worrisome matter, source of worry sngunga’ [ˈsŋu.ŋaʔ] adj. worrisome, troubling snokfyan [ˈsnok.fjan] n. personal belongings rack snolup [ˈsno.lup̚] n. personal style or aesthetic, presence snomo [ˈsno.mo] n. private space that one can retreat to spä [sp•æ] v. jump späpeng [spæ.ˈp•ɛŋ] vin. restore oneself (metaphorically) spaw [sp•aw] vtr. believe spe’e [sp•ɛ.ˈʔ•ɛ] vtr. capture spe’etu [spɛ.ˈʔɛ.tu] n. captive speng [sp•ɛŋ] vtr. restore spono [ˈspo.no] n. island spule [ˈsp•u.l•ɛ] vtr. propel spulmokri [spul.ˈmok.ɾi] n. telephone spulyaney [spul.ja.ˈnɛj] n. canoe paddle spuwin [ˈspu.win] adj. old, former spxam [sp’am] n. mushroom, fungus spxin [sp’in] adj. sick srä [sɾæ] n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a loom srak [ˈsɾak(ɛ)] part. inter. marker for yes or no questions srake [ˈsɾak(ɛ)] part. inter. marker for yes or no questions srane [ˈsɾa.nɛ] part., intj. yes srätx [sɾ•æt’] vtr. annoy, bother sraw [sɾaw] adj. painful sre [sɾɛ] adp. before (time) sre’ [sɾɛʔ] n. tooth srefey [sɾɛ.ˈf•ɛj] vtr., vin. expect srefpìl [sɾɛ.ˈfp•ɪl] vtr. assume srefwa [ˈsɾɛ.fwa] conj. before srekamtrr [sɾɛ.ˈkam.tṛ] n. the time before noon srekamtxon [sɾɛ.ˈkam.t’on] n. before midnight srekrr [sɾɛ.ˈkṛ] adv. before, already, ahead of time srer [sɾ•ɛɾ] vin. appear, materialize, come into view srese’a [sɾɛ.s•ɛ.ˈʔ•a] vtr. prophetize, prophesize, prophesy, predict srey [sɾɛj] n. version srunga’ [ˈsɾu.ŋaʔ] adj. helpful/help starsìm [ˈst•aɾ.s•ɪm] vtr. gather, collect stawm [st•awm] vtr. hear stawmtswo [ˈstawm.t͡swo] n. (sense of) hearing steftxaw [st•ɛ.ˈft’•aw] vtr. examine, check steng [stɛŋ] adj. similar steyki [stɛj.ˈk•i] vtr. anger, make someone angry sti [st•i] vin. anger (intransitive), be angry stiwi [ˈsti.wi] n. mischief stiwi si [ˈsti.wi s•i] vin. be naughty, do mis stiwinga’ [ˈsti.wi.ŋaʔ] adj. mischievous stiwisiyu [ˈsti.wi.si.Ju] n. mischiefmaker sto [st•o] vtrm. refuse (to do something) stum [stum] adv. almost stxeli [ˈst’ɛ.li] n. gift stxenu [ˈst’ɛ.nu] n. offer stxenutìng [ˈst’ɛ,nu,t•ɪŋ] vtr. offer stxong [st’oŋ] adj. strange, unfamiliar, unknown sulìn [ˈs•u.l•ɪn] svin. be busy (positive sense), be engrossed in something one finds especially pleasant and energizing sum [sum] n. shell (from the ocean) sumsey [ˈsum.sɛj] n. drinking vessel made of shell sung [s•uŋ] vtr. add sunu [ˈs•u.n•u] vin. be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment sur [suɾ] n. taste, flavor susyang [su.ˈsjaŋ] adj. fragile, delicate sutx [s•ut’] vtr. track, follow swaw [swaw] n. moment swawtsyìp [ˈswaw.t͡sjɪp̚] n. little moment, second swaynivi [ˈswaj,ni,vi] n. family hammock swek [swɛk̚] n. bar, rod, pole swey [swɛj] adj. best sweylu [ˈswɛj.l•u] v. should swirä [swi.ˈɾæ] n. creature swizaw [swi.ˈzaw] n. arrow swizawsena [swi.ˈzaw.sɛ.na] n. quiver (attached to ikran’s saddle) syä’ä [ˈsjæ.ʔæ] adj. bitter syam [sj•am] vtr. to smell (intentionally) syanan [ˈsja.nan] n. a single drop or series of smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along a stream or series of pools (countable) syaw [sj•aw] vin. call syay [sjaj] n. fate syayvi [ˈsjaj.vi] n. luck, chance sye’otxang [ˈsjɛ.ʔo.t’aŋ] n. wind instrument t' [tɪ.ˈsuŋ] n. addition, post script (P.S.) ta [ta] adp. from (locative), from (temporal sense with other time words) ta’em [ta.ˈʔɛm] adv. from above ta’leng [ˈtaʔ.lɛŋ] n. skin ta’lengean [ˈtaʔ.lɛ.ŋɛ.an] adj. skin blue tafkip [ta.ˈfkip̚] adp. from up among tafral [ta.ˈfɾal] adv. therefore, because of that täftxu [t•æ.ˈft’•u] vtr. weave täftxuyu [tæ.ˈft’u.ju] n. weaver takip [ta.ˈkip̚] adp. from among takrra [ta.ˈkṛ.a] conj. since (temporal) taksyokx [t•ak.ˈsyok’] vin. clap hands takuk [ˈt•a.k•uk̚] vtr. strike, beat, slap te [tɛ] part. used in full names tekre [ˈtɛk.ɾɛ] n. skull tel [t•ɛl] vtr. receive telem [tɛ.ˈlɛm] n. cord tem [t•ɛm] vin. shoot temrey [tɛm.ˈɾɛj] n. survival teng [tɛŋ] adj. same, equal tengfya [ˈtɛŋ.fja] conj. as, same way as (situational similarity) tengkrr [tɛŋ.ˈkṛ] conj. while, same time as teri [tɛ.ˈɾi] adp. about, concerning terkup [ˈt•ɛɾ.k•up̚] vin. die teswotìng [tɛ.ˈswo.t•ɪŋ] vtr. grant (ii) tete [ˈtɛ.tɛ] adj. dull (as a blade) tewng [tɛwŋ] n. loincloth tewti [ˈtɛw.ti] intj. wow, expression of surprise and pleasure teya [tɛ.ˈja] adj. full teya si [tɛ.ˈja ˈs•i] vin. fill (with dative of thing filled) teyrpin [ˈtɛjɾ.pin] n. white tì’al [tɪ.ˈ.ʔal] n. wastefulness tì’awm [tɪ.ˈʔawm] n. camping tì’awpo [tɪ.ˈʔaw.po] n. individuality (negative connotation), selfishness tì’efu [tɪ.ˈʔɛ.fu] n. feeling tì’em [tɪ.ˈʔɛm] n. the art of cooking tì’eylan [tɪ.ˈʔɛj.lan] n. friendship tì’eyng [tɪ.ˈʔɛjŋ] n. answer, response tì’i’a [tɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a] n. ending, conclusion tì’i’avay [tɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a.vaj] adv. until the end tì’ipu [tɪ.ˈʔi.pu] n. humor tì’o’ [tɪ.ˈʔoʔ] n. fun, excitement tiam [ˈt•i.•am] vtr. count tìeyktan [tɪ.ˈɛjk.tan] n. leadership tìfe’ul [tɪ.ˈfɛ.ʔul] n. worsening (in the general or abstract sense) tìfkeytok [tɪ.ˈfkɛj.tok̚] n. state, condition, situation tìflä [tɪ.ˈflæ] n. success (in general) tìflänga’ [tɪ.ˈflæ.ŋa] adj. successful tìflrr [tɪ.ˈflṛ] n. gentleness, tenderness tìfmetok [tɪ.ˈfmɛ.tok̚] n. test tìtstunwi [tɪ.ˈt͡stun.wi] n. kindness tìtstunwinga’ [tɪ.ˈstun.wi.ŋaʔ] adj. kind tìtsunslu [tɪ.ˈt͡sun.slu] n. possibility tìtsyär [tɪ.ˈt͡sjæɾ] n. rejection tìtusaron [tɪ.tu.ˈsa.ɾon] n. hunting tìtxanew [tɪ.ˈt’a.nɛw] n. greed tìtxen [tɪ.ˈt’ɛn] n. awakeness, the state of waking tìtxen si [tɪ.ˈt’ɛn s•i] vin. to wake, to waken, wake up tìtxula [tɪ.ˈt’u.la] n. construction, constructed thing tìtxur [tɪ.ˈt’uɾ] n. strength, power tìtxurnga’ [tɪ.ˈt’uɾ. ŋaʔ] adj. powerful tìväng [tɪ.ˈvæŋ] n. thirst tìvawm [tɪ.ˈvawm] n. darkness tìve’kì [tɪ.vɛʔ.ˈkɪ] n. hatred tìwan [tɪ.ˈwan] n. obfuscation, cover up tìwäsul [tɪ.ˈwæ.sul] n. competition tìwäte [tɪ.wæ.ˈtɛ] n. dispute, argument tìwew [tɪ.ˈwɛw] n. coldness, cold tìwìngay [tɪ.wɪ.ˈŋaj] n. proof, proving (abstract) tìwusem [tɪ.wu.ˈsɛm] n. fighting tìyäkx [tɪ.ˈJæk’] n. lack of notice, snubbing tìyawn [tɪ.ˈjawn] n. love tìyawr [tɪ.ˈjawɾ] n. correctness tìyo’ [tɪ.ˈyoʔ̚] n. perfection tìyora’ [tɪ.joˈɾaʔ] n. victory, a win trr’awve [tṛ.ˈʔaw.vɛ] n. Sunday trr’ong [tṛ.ˈʔoŋ] n. dawn, sunrise trr’ongmaw [tṛ.ˈʔoŋ.maw] n. dawn after sunrise trram [tṛ.ˈam] adv. yesterday trray [tṛ.ˈaj] adv. tomorrow trrkive [tṛ.ˈki.vɛ] n. Saturday trrmrrve [tṛ.ˈmṛ.vɛ] n. Thursday trrmuve [tṛ.ˈmu.vɛ] n. Monday trrpeve [tṛ.ˈpɛ.vɛ] inter. which day (derived from trr day and pe interrogative marker and ve ordinal number marker) trrpuve [tṛ.ˈpu.vɛ] n. Friday trrpxeyve [tṛ.ˈp’ɛj.vɛ] n. Tuesday trrtsìve [tṛ.ˈt͡sɪ.vɛ] n. Wednesday trrtxon [tṛ.t’on] n. the day and night cycle of Pandora tukru [tuk.ˈɾu] n. spear tul [t•ul] vin. run tumpin [ˈtum.pin] n. red, orange tun [tun] adj. red, orange tung [t•uŋ] vtr. allow tungzup [t•uŋ.ˈz•up̚] vtr. drop tuvon [ˈt•u.v•on] v. lean tsä’ [t͡s•æʔ] v. squirt tsa’u [ˈt͡sa.ʔu] dem. that (thing) tsafya [t͡sa.ˈfja] adv. that way, like that tsahey [ˈt͡sa.ˈhɛj] intj. expression of warning or frustration, ‘crap!’, ‘ah, hell!’ tsaheyl si [t͡sa.ˈhɛjl ˈs•i] vin. bond with, establish a neural connection tsaheylu [t͡sa.ˈhɛj.lu] n. bond (neural connection) tsakem [ˈt͡sa.kɛm] or [t͡sa.ˈkɛm] dem. that (action) tsakrr [t͡sa.ˈkṛ] adv. then, at that time, that time tsakrrvay [t͡sa.ˈkṛ.vaj] adv. until then, in the meantime tsal [t͡sal] pn. that, it (transitive subject) tsalsungay [t͡sal.su.ˈŋaj] adv. nevertheless, even so tsam [t͡sam] n. war tsamopin [ˈt͡sa.mo.pin] n. warpaint tsampongu [ˈt͡sam.po.ŋu] n. war party tsamsä’o [ˈt͡sam.sæ.ʔo] n. weapon of war tsamsiyu [ˈt͡sam.si.ju] n. warrior tsan’ul [ˈt͡san.ʔ•ul] vin. improve, get better tsang [t͡saŋ] n. a piercing tsaria [ˈt͡sa.ɾi.a] pn., sbd. that tsat [t͡sat̚] pn. that, it (as object) tse’atswo [t͡sɛ.ˈʔa.t͡swo] n. (sense of) sight, vision tseltsul [ˈt͡sɛl.t͡sul] n. whitewater rapids (countable, but only rarely) tseng [ˈt͡sɛŋ(ɛ)] n. place tsenga [ˈt͡sɛ.ŋa] conj. where, place where tsenge [ˈt͡sɛŋ(ɛ)] n. place tsengo [ˈt͡sɛ.ŋo] pn. somewhere tsengpe [ˈt͡sɛŋ.pɛ] inter. where tseo [ˈt͡sɛ.o] n. art tseotu [ˈt͡sɛ.o.tu] n. artist (generic term) tseri [ˈt͡s•ɛ.ɾ•i] vtr. note, notice tsewtx [t͡sɛwt’] adj. dirty tsìk [t͡sɪk] adv. suddenly, without warning tsìlpey [t͡sɪl.ˈpɛj] n. hope (abstract idea) tsìltsan [t͡sɪl.ˈt͡san] n. good (abstract concept), goodness tsim [t͡sim] n. source tsin [t͡sin] n. nail, claw tsìng [t͡sɪŋ] num. four tsìsyì [ˈt͡s•ɪ.sy•ɪ] vin. whisper tsìve [ˈt͡sɪ.vɛ] adj. fourth (ordinal) tskalep [ˈt͡ska.lɛp̚] n. crossbow tsko [t͡sko] n. bow (weapon) tsko swizaw [ˈt͡sko swi.ˈzaw] n. bow and arrow tskxaytsyìp [ˈt͡sk’aj.t͡sjɪp̚] n. hail tskxe [t͡sk’ɛ] n. rock, stone tskxekeng [ˈt͡sk’ɛ.kɛŋ] n. training, exercise tsmìm [t͡smɪm] n. track, trace (of animal or person) tsmisnrr [ˈt͡smi.snṛ] n. bladder lantern, nectar lantern tsmuk [t͡smuk̚] n. sibling tsmukan [ˈt͡smu.kan] n. brother tsmuke [ˈt͡smu.kɛ] n. sister tsmuktu [ˈt͡smuk.tu] n. sibling tsngal [t͡sŋal] n. cup tsngan [t͡sŋan] n. meat tstunwi [ˈt͡stun.wi] adj. kind, thoughtful, considerate tstxo [t͡st’o] n. name tstxolì’u [ˈt͡st’o.lɪ.ʔu] n. noun tsu’o [ˈt͡su.ʔo] n. ability tsuksìm [ˈt͡suk.sɪm] n. chin tsuktswa’ [t͡suk.ˈt͡swaʔ] adj. forgettable tsukyom [t͡suk.ˈjom] adj. edible tsulfä [t͡sul.ˈfæ] n. mastery tsulfä si [t͡sul.ˈfæ ˈs•i] vin. master tsulfätu [t͡sul.ˈfæ.tu] n. master of an art, craft, or skill, expert tsulfätunay [t͡sul.fæ.tu.ˈnaj] n. nearmaster tsun [t͡s•un] vim. can, be able tsunslu [ˈt͡s•un.sl•u] vin. may, be possible txatx [t’at’] n. bubble txawew [ˈt’a.wɛw] adj. very cold txay [t’•aj] vin. be horizontal, lie flat txayo [ˈt’a.jo] n. field, open terrain, plain txe’lan [t’ɛʔ.ˈlan] n. heart txekxumpay [t’ɛ.ˈk’um.paJ] n. magma, lava txele [ˈt’ɛ.lɛ] n. matter (subject) txen [t’ɛn] adj. awake txep [t’ɛp̚] n. fire txepìva [ˈt’ɛ.pɪ.va] n. ash, cinder txepram [t’ɛp.ˈɾam] n. volcano txeptseng [ˈt’ɛp.t͡sɛŋ] n. place where a fire is burning or has burned txeptsyìp [ˈt’ɛp.t͡sjɪp̚] n. dear or cute little fire txepvi [ˈt’ɛp.vi] n. spark txew [t’ɛw] n. edge, brink, limit, border, end txewk [t’ɛwk̚] n. club (weapon) txewluke [ˈt’ɛw.lu.kɛ] adj. endless, boundless, without limit txewm [t’ɛwm] adj. scary, frightening txewnga’ [ˈt’ɛw.ŋaʔ] adj. having a limit, not without bounds, finite txey [t’•ɛj] v. halt txi [t’i] n. hurry, frenzy txin [t’in] adj. main, primary txìng [t’•ɪŋ] vtr. leave, abandon txintìn [ˈt’in.tɪn] n. occupation, primary role in society txintseng [ˈt’in.t͡seŋ] n. base of operations txo [t’o] conj. if txoa [ˈt’o.a] n. forgiveness txokefyaw [ˈt’o.kɛ.fjaw] conj. if not, or else, otherwise txolar [ˈt’o.lar] n. dollar txon [t’on] n. night txon’ong [t’on.ˈʔoŋ] n. nightfall, sunset, dusk, gloaming txon’ongmaw [t’on.ˈʔoŋ.maw] n. twilight, the time before dark, after sunset txonam [t’o.ˈnam] adv. last night txonay [t’o.ˈnaj] adv. tomorrow night txonkrr [ˈt’on.kṛ] adv. at night txopu [ˈt’o.pu] n. fear txopu si [ˈt’o.pu ˈs•i] vin. be afraid txopu sleyku [ˈt’o.pu slɛj.ˈk•u] vtr. frighten txukx [t’uk’] adj. deep (physically) txula [ˈt’•u.l•a] vtr. build, construct txum [t’um] n. poison txumnga’ [ˈt’um.ŋaʔ] adj. poisonous txumpaywll [ˈt’um.paj.wḷ] n. scorpion thistle, poison water plant txur [t’uɾ] adj. strong (physically) txurtel [ˈt’uɾ.tel] n. rope ue’ [•u•ˈɛʔ] vtr., vin. vomit, vomit up uk [uk̚] n. shadow ukxo [u.ˈk’o] adj. dry ulte [ˈul.tɛ] conj. and (clausal conjunction) ultxa [ul.ˈt’a] n. meeting ultxa si [ul.ˈt’a ˈs•i] vin. meet with someone intentionally (use hu with) ultxarun [ul.ˈt’a.ɾ•un] vtr. encounter, meet by chance (ii) ultxatu [ul.ˈt’a.tu] n. meeting participant um [um] adj. loose unil [ˈu.nil] n. dream uniltsa [ˈu.nɪl.t͡s•a] vtr. dream of, dream about uo [ˈu.o] adp. behind uran [ˈu.ɾan] n. boat utral [ˈut.ɾal] n. tree utraltsyìp [ˈut.ɾal.t͡sjɪp̚] n. bush utu [ˈu.tu] n. forest canopy utumauti [ˈu.tu.ma.u.ti] n. banana fruit uvan [u.ˈvan] n. game uvan letokx [u.ˈvan lɛ.ˈtok’] n. physical or athletic game, sport uvan si [u.ˈvan ˈs•i] vin. play (a game) vä’ [væʔ] adj. unpleasant to the senses, noisome väng [væŋ] adj. thirsty väpam [ˈvæ.pam] n. noise. ugly or unpleasant sound, screech var [v•aɾ] vim. to persist in a state, to continue to perform an action värumut [ˈvæ.ɾu.mut̚] n. vein pod vawm [vawm] adj. dark vawmpin [ˈvawm.pin] n. dark color vawt [vawt̚] adj. solid, not hollow vay [vaj] adp. up to vaykrr [vaj.ˈkṛ] conj. until ve’kì [v•ɛʔ.ˈk•ɪ] vtr. hate ve’o [ˈvɛ.ʔo] n. order (as opposed to disorder or chaos), organization vefya [ˈvɛ.fja] n. system, process, procedure, approach velek [ˈv•ɛ.l•ɛk̚] vin. give up, surrender, concede defeat velke [ˈvɛl.ke] adj. chaotic, messy, disorganized, in shambles venga’ [ˈvɛ.ŋaʔ] adj. organized, “on top of things” venu [ˈvɛ.nu] n. foot venzek [ˈvɛn.zɛk̚] n. toe vewng [v•ɛwŋ] vtr. look after, take care of, be responsible for vey [vɛj] n. food made from animal origin, flesh vezeyko [vɛ.zɛj.ˈko] vtr. put in order, organize vezo [vɛ.ˈz•o] vin. be in order, be organized vin [v•in] vtr. request, ask for vingkap [ˈv•iŋ.k•ap̚] vtr. occur to one, pop into one’s mind virä [v•i.ˈɾ•æ] v. spread, proliferate vitra [vit.ˈɾa] n. soul vll [v•ḷ] vin., vtr. indicate, point at vol [vol] num. eight volve [ˈvol.vɛ] adj. eighth (ordinal) vospxì [vo.ˈsp’ɪ] n. month vospxìam [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈam] n. last month vospxìay [vo.sp’ɪ.ˈaj] n. next month vozampasukut [ˈvo.zam.pa.suk.ut̚] n. grinch tree, thousand berry tree vrrìn [ˈv•ṛ.•ɪn] svin. be busy (negative sense): be tired out and overwhelmed by an activity that’s keeping one busy vrrtep [ˈvṛ.tɛp̚] n. demon vul [vul] n. branch (of a tree) vur [vuɾ] n. story vurvi [ˈvuɾ.vi] n. summary, synopsis vurway [ˈvuɾ.waj] n. story poem, narrative poem wä [wæ] adp. against (as in: fight against) walak [ˈwa.lak̚] adj. energetic, active wan [w•an] vtr. hide wäsul [ˈwæ.s•ul] vin. compete wäte [wæ.ˈt•ɛ] vtr. argue, dispute wätu [ˈwæ.tu] n. opponent wätx [w•æt’] vtr. be bad at wawe [wa.ˈwɛ] n. meaning, importance, significance way [waj] n. song (ancient, ceremonial) way a plltxe [waj a pḷ.t’ɛ] ph. spoken poem (as a melodic recital) way a rol [waj a ɾol] ph. sung poem way si [ˈwaj ˈs•i] vin. sing wayä aylì’u [waj.æ ajlɪ.ʔu] ph. words of a poem or lyrics of a song waytelem [ˈwaj.tɛ.lɛm] n. song cord we’ay [ˈwɛ.ʔaj] adj. sour wem [w•ɛm] vin. fight wempongu [ˈwɛm.po.ŋu] n. squad, military clan, battle party weopx [wɛ.ˈop’] n. wave (of water) wew [wɛw] adj. cold weyn [w•ɛjn] vtr. draw, illustrate win [win] adj. fast win säpi [ˈwin sæ.ˈp•i] vin. hurry win si [ˈwin ˈs•i] vin. rush something, make something fast wìngay [w•ɪ.ˈŋaj] vtr. prove wìntxu [w•ɪn.ˈt’•u] vtr. show wip [wip̚] adj. salty wiya [ˈwi.ja] intj. expression of warning or frustration, ‘damn!’ wo [w•o] vtr. reach for wok [wok̚] adj. loud wokau [wok.ˈa.u] n. pendulum drum wotx [wot’] n. totality, whole wou [ˈw•o.•u] svin. be amazing, fascinating (slang) wrrpa [ˈwṛ.pa] n., adv. outside wrrza’u [wṛ.ˈz•a.ʔu] vin. come out, emerge wum [wum] adv. approximately, roughly wur [wuɾ] adj. cool, chilly wutso [ˈwu.t͡so] n. dinner, served meal ya [ja] n. air yafkeyk [ˈja.fkɛjk̚] n. weather yak [jak̚] n. fork, branch, point of divergence yak si [j•ak̚ s•i] vin. diverge, change direction, go astray yäkx [J•æk’] vtr. not notice, ignore, snub yän [j•æn] vtr. fasten, tie down yaney [ja.ˈnɛj] n. canoe yapay [ˈja.paj] n. mist, fog, steam yawne [ˈjaw.nɛ] adj. beloved yawnetu [ˈjaw.nɛ.tu] n. loved one yawntu [ˈjawn.tu] n. loved one yawntutsyìp [ˈyawn.tu.t͡sjɪp] n. darling, little loved one yawnyewla [jawn.ˈjɛw.la] n. broken heart, broken heartedness yawo [ja.ˈw•o] vin. take off, launch yayayr [ja.ˈjajɾ] n. confusion yayayrnga’ [ja.ˈjajɾ.ŋaʔ] adj. confusing yayayrtsim [ja.ˈjajɾ.t͡sim] n. something confusing, source of confusion yaymak [ˈjaj.mak̚] adj. foolish, ignorant yayo [ˈja.jo] n. bird yayotsrul [ˈja.jo.t͡sɾul] n. bird’s nest ye [jɛ] adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full ye’krr [ˈjɛʔ.kṛ] adv. early ye’rìn [ˈjɛʔ.ɾɪn] adv. soon yehakx [ˈjɛ.hak’] adj. satisfied from hunger, full yem [j•ɛm] vtr. put, place yemfpay [jɛm.ˈfpaj] n. dipping, immersion (into liquid) yemfpay si [jɛm.ˈfpaj ˈs•i] vin. dip into liquid yemstokx [ˈj•ɛm.stok’] vtr. put on (clothing), don yengwal [jɛŋ.ˈwal] n. sorrow yerik [ˈjɛ.ɾik̚] n. hexapede yeväng [ˈjɛ.væŋ] adj. satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling quenched, slaked yewla [ˈjɛw.la] n. disappointment, emotional letdown, failed expectation yey [jɛj] adj. straight yeyfya [ˈjɛj.fja] n. straight line yì [jɪ] n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung yìm [j•ɪm] vtr. bind yll [jḷ] adj. communal ylltxep [ˈjḷ.t’ɛp̚] n. communal fire or fire pit yo [jo] n. surface yo’ [j•oʔ̚] svin. be perfect, flawless yo’ko [ˈjoʔ.ko] n. circle yoa [ˈjo.a] adp. in exchange for yol [jol] adj. short (of time) yom [j•om] vtr. eat yomhì’ang [jom.ˈhɪʔ.aŋ] n. small animal/insect eater yomioang [jom.i.ˈo.aŋ] n. chalice plant yomtìng [ˈjom.t•ɪŋ] vin. feed (with dative object) (ii) yomyo [ˈjom.jo] n. plate, (for food) yomyo lerìk [ˈjom.yo lɛ.ˈrɪk̚] n. leaf plate yora’ [j•o.ˈɾ•aʔ] vtr. win yora’tu [jo.ˈɾaʔ.tu] n. winner yrr [jṛ] adj. wild, natural (something in its original, unmodified, untamperedwith natural state) yrrap [ˈjṛ.ap̚] n. storm yuey [ˈju.ɛj] adj. beautiful (inner beauty) yune [ˈj•u.n•ɛ] vtr. listen to (intentionally) yur [j•uɾ] vtr. wash za’ärìp [za.ˈʔ•æ.ɾ•ɪp̚] vtr. pull za’u [ˈz•a.ʔ•u] vin. come zäfi [ˈzæ.fi] adj. modified, interfered with, no longer in a natural state zam [zam] num. sixty four zamunge [za.ˈm•u.ŋ•ɛ] vtr. bring zapxì [za.ˈp’ɪ] n. front (part or section) zare’ [za.ˈɾɛʔ] n. forehead, brow zasrìn [za.ˈsɾ•ɪn] vtr. borrow zawng [z•awŋ] vin. scream zawprrte’ [z•aw.ˈpṛ.tɛʔ] vin. be enjoyable zawr [zawr] n. animal call zekwä [ˈzɛk.wæ] n. finger zel [zɛl] adv. then (counterfactual use) zene [ˈz•ɛ.n•ɛ] vim. must zenke [ˈz•ɛŋ.kɛ] vim. must not (ii) zerok [ˈz•ɛ.ɾ•ok̚] vtr. remember zeswa [ˈzɛ.swa] n. grass zeswavi [ˈzɛ.swa.vi] n. blade of grass zet [z•ɛt̚] vtr. treat (emotionally), display an attitude towards zey [zɛj] adj. special, distinct zeyko [zɛj.ˈk•o] vtr. heal, fix zìm [z•ɪm] vtr. feel (not intentionally) zìma’uyu [zɪ.ˈma.ʔu.ju] n. newcomer, someone who has just arrived on the scene zìmtswo [ˈzɪm.t͡swo] n. (sense of) touch zir [ziɾ] n. touch, feel, texture zìsìkrr [ˈzɪ.sɪ.kṛ] n. season zìsìt [ˈzɪ.sɪt̚] n. year zìsìtay [ˈzɪ.sɪt.aj] n. next year zize’ [zi.ˈzɛʔ] n. hellfire wasp zo [z•o] svin. be well, be intact, be as it should be, work correctly or as nature intended zong [z•oŋ] vtr. save, defend zongtseng [ˈzoŋ.t͡sɛŋ] n. safe place, refuge zoplo [zop.ˈlo] n. offence, insult zoslu [ˈzo.sl•u] vin. heal, become well, get fixed (ii) zum [zum] n. object, thing (physical or tangible) zun [zun] conj. if (counterfactual use) zup [z•up̚] vin. fall zusawkrr [zu.ˈsaw.kṛ] n. future

Root Languages