Modern Celestial

Natively known as: Yohash /ˈjohaʃ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
u es me koshta dva rekhnad u hukham dva simhor boyfa tag bot
Pronunciation: /u es me ˈkoʃta dva ˈʁeχnad u ˈhuχam dva ˈsimhoʁ bojˈfa tag bot/
Yohashi word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v w x z ʁ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʦ χ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g			ʔ
Affricate			ʦ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ		x	χ ʁ		h
Approximant					j			ʕ
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labio-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bn, d, dv, g, h, j, k, kl, km, kv, l, m, n, p, s, st, t, tm, wh, z, zm, ʁ, ʃ, ʔ, ʦ, χ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, f, fʃ, g, gm, h, j, jf, jl, k, kn, kʁ, l, lm, m, mh, mk, mn, mʁ, mʔ, mʦ, n, nχʁ, p, s, sχ, t, ts, tʁ, v, vχ, x, z, zd, ʁ, ʁb, ʃ, ʃb, ʃl, ʃm, ʃp, ʃt, ʔ, ʕ, ʦ, χ, χn, χt
Word final consonants: d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, s, t, v, ʁ, ʃ, ʔ, ʦ, χ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• sk → kː / _a

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
ʁ	r
ʃ	sh
ʔ	'
ʦ	tz
χ	kh

---

Grammar

Main word order: Verb-Subject-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nominative	No affix boda /ˈboda/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix egm- Else: Prefix egme- egmeboda /egˌmeboˈda/ (verb done to) dog

Singular	No affix boda /ˈboda/ dog
Plural	Prefix e- eboda /eˈboda/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	o /o/ the	ma /ma/ a
Plural	yo /jo/ the	bum /bum/ some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	ef /ef/ I	ik /ik/ me
2nd singular	sha /ʃa/ you	e /e/ you
3rd singular masc	me /me/ he	she /ʃe/ him
3rd singular fem	o /o/ she	tmot /tmot/ her
1st plural inclusive	lar /laʁ/ we (including you)	kma /kma/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	kve /kve/ we (excluding you)	tmoh /tmoh/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	ma /ma/ you (all)	ki /ki/ you (all)
3rd plural	gem /gem/ they	a /a/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	la /la/ my
2nd singular	ki /ki/ your
3rd singular masc	dva /dva/ his
3rd singular fem	es /es/ her
1st plural inclusive	bnum /bnum/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	sen /sen/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	me /me/ your
3rd plural	ha /ha/ their

Verbs

Yohashi uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	a /a/ past particle

Yohashi uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

'ed /ʔed/ will

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Yohashi uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix ta- taukhta' /ˈtauχtaʔ/

Numbers

Yohashi has a base-20 number system:

• 1 - tmom
• 2 - da
• 3 - klad
• 4 - a
• 5 - tmom
• 6 - da
• 7 - am
• 8 - la
• 9 - zi
• 10 - who
• 11 - gihev
• 12 - giʕom
• 13 - ekrov
• 14 - hukhney
• 15 - stem
• 16 - shehel
• 17 - peme
• 18 - bofa
• 19 - zmubis
• 20 - perbo'
• 21 - perbo'tmom “twenty-one”
• 400 - tmom ay “one fourhundred”
• 401 - tmom ay tmom “one fourhundred one”
• 800 - da ay “two fourhundred”
• 8000 - tmom dvav “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix a-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix e-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix i-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix pe-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix st-
Else: Prefix ste-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix st-
Else: Prefix ste-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gi-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix ha-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix g-
Else: Prefix gi-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix e-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦ-
Else: Prefix ʦo-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix oʃp-
Else: Prefix oʃpo-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix aʕ-
Else: Prefix aʕi-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix eʦ-
Else: Prefix eʦo-

Dictionary

4302 Words.

Root Languages

• First Celestial

Common Female Names

• Amtzufsha /ˈamʦufʃa/
• Eshmo /ˈeʃmo/
• Shekhuli /ʃeˈχuli/
• Nutsa /ˈnutsa/
• Kofshumre /ˈkofʃumʁe/
• Mamra /ˈmamʁa/
• Sihid /ˈsihid/
• Zmubatz /ˈzmubaʦ/
• Luhish /ˈluhiʃ/
• Ohoh /ˈohoh/

Common Male Names

1. Nushte /nuʃˈte/
2. Oday /ˈodaj/
3. Reyugikh /ˈʁejugiχ/
4. Pevem /ˈpevem/
5. Ila /iˈla/
6. Zmusha /ˈzmuʃa/
7. Asha /ˈaʃa/
8. Hushas /huˈʃas/
9. Luma /ˈluma/
10. Gide /ˈgide/

Common Unisex Names

1. Shekha /ˈʃeχa/
2. Zmubav /zmuˈbav/
3. Ihono /iˈhono/
4. Umre /umˈʁe/
5. Makhnel /ˈmaχnel/
6. Mifshe /mifˈʃe/
7. Ibas /iˈbas/
8. Klamre /ˈklamʁe/
9. Kogol /ˈkogol/
10. Kma' /kmaʔ/