Old Draconic

Natively known as: Qima /ˈɣiːmæ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ʾah šuʾ greffo baʾ mā sox ʾah žebz mā žes leng mest qab
Pronunciation: /ʔæh ʃuːʔ ˈgreffo bæʔ mɒː sox ʔæh ʒebz mɒː ʒes leng mest qæb/
Qiman word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v x z ɣ ʃ ʒ ʔ ʤ ʧ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d			k g	q	ʔ
Affricate				ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ		h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: /e iː o uː æ ɒː/

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
High-mid	e	o
Near-low	æ
Low		ɒː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, g, gr, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, ɣ, ʃ, ʒ, ʒl, ʒm, ʔ, ʤ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, br, d, dm, dr, dx, dʤ, f, ff, fh, ft, fɣ, g, h, hd, hl, hm, hr, ht, j, jd, k, l, lb, lm, lʔ, m, mb, mh, mk, ml, mr, mt, mtʃ, n, nb, nd, ng, nh, nj, ns, nt, nɣ, nʔ, nʤ, p, q, qd, qt, r, rb, rd, rg, rh, rk, rm, rn, rs, rt, rz, rʃ, rʔ, rʤ, s, sj, sl, sm, sp, sr, st, stg, sv, sx, sʤ, t, tʃ, v, vz, x, xs, xt, xtʃ, z, zg, zh, ɣ, ɣj, ʃ, ʃh, ʃk, ʃt, ʃv, ʃɣ, ʒ, ʒt, ʔ, ʔd, ʔm, ʔn, ʔr, ʔz, ʤ
Word final consonants: N/A

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• z → Ø / _{l,r}
• t → ʃ / _E
• v → Ø / x_o
• h → w / #_
• j → Ø / #_e
• {d,ɣ} → [-voice] / _#
• d → r / V_V
• {p,k} → [+voice] / V_V

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
iː	i
j	y
uː	u
æ	a
ɒː	ā
ɣ	q
ʃ	š
ʒ	ž
ʔ	ʾ
ʤ	j
ʧ	č

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix greroma /greˈromæ/ man	No affix vamʾ /væmʔ/ woman
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -stiː Else: Suffix -estiː greromasti /ˌgreroˈmæstiː/ men	Suffix -ɒː vamʾā /ˈvæmʔɒː/ women

Articles

Qiman has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	qav /qæv/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	ang /æng/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	šuʾ /ʃuːʔ/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	ga /gæ/ she, her, hers
1st plural inclusive	ne /ne/ we, us, ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	le /le/ we, us, ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	grešt /greʃt/ you (all), yours
3rd plural masc	so /so/ they, them, theirs
3rd plural fem	a /æ/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	tā /tɒː/ my
2nd singular	qi /ɣiː/ your
3rd singular masc	mā /mɒː/ his
3rd singular fem	ya /jæ/ her
1st plural inclusive	hā /hɒː/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	gasr /gæsr/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	ʾa /ʔæ/ your
3rd plural masc	a /æ/ their
3rd plural fem	ba /bæ/ their

Verbs

	Masculine	Feminine
Present	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kuː- kudos /ˈkuːdos/	Prefix mæ- mados /ˈmædos/
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -æm dosam /ˈdosæm/	If starts with vowel: Prefix æʔd- Else: Prefix æʔduː- aʾdudos /æʔˈduːdos/
Future	Prefix ɒː- ādos /ˈɒːdos/	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃq Else: Suffix -oʃq dosošq /ˈdosoʃq/

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Qiman uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

If starts with vowel: Prefix ʒ- Else: Prefix ʒe- žedos /ˈʒedos/

Numbers

Qiman has a base-10 number system:

• 1 - i
• 2 - tā
• 3 - qa
• 4 - ko
• 5 - žlo
• 6 - korg
• 7 - čāa
• 8 - yo
• 9 - hāra
• 10 - za
• 11 - za ʾah i “ten and one”
• 100 - i šabz “one hundred”
• 101 - i šabz ʾah i “one hundred and one”
• 200 - tā šabz
• 1000 - i ayr “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -spæ
Else: Suffix -ɒːspæ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -uː
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -uːrg
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ærm
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -hmæ
Else: Suffix -ehmæ
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix æ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -æh
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Suffix -iːrg
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uː
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Suffix -æ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix æ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -æʃ
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mrɒː
Else: Suffix -ɒːmrɒː
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bro
Else: Suffix -æbro

Dictionary

4330 Words.

Successor Languages

• Modern Draconic

Common Female Names

• Roqe /ˈroɣe/
• Mažuru /mæˈʒuːruː/
• Šunʾand /ˈʃuːnʔænd/
• Māpa /ˈmɒːpæ/
• Xepa /ˈxepæ/
• Greʾr /greʔr/
• Āvʾ /ɒːvʔ/
• Dund /duːnd/
• Māpā /ˈmɒːpɒː/
• Riža /ˈriːʒæ/

Common Male Names

• Hav /hæv/
• Māq /mɒːɣ/
• Punde /ˈpuːnde/
• Gremro /ˈgremro/
• Grefte /ˈgrefte/
• Žlors /ʒlors/
• Tāyā /ˈtɒːjɒː/
• Vamla /ˈvæmlæ/
• Bužtudrord /buːʒˈtuːdrord/
• Žeh /ʒeh/

Common Unisex Names

• Grensin /ˈgrensiːn/
• Puzha /ˈpuːzhæ/
• Kuzv /kuːzv/
• Kuvʾ /kuːvʔ/
• Čāʾruxi /ʧɒːˈʔruːxiː/
• Burn /buːrn/
• Čānba /ˈʧɒːnbæ/
• Rotšoyda /rotˈʃojdæ/
• ʾaštand /ˈʔæʃtænd/
• Dokuxta /doˈkuːxtæ/