Hunarish

LANGUAGE FAMILY: KANNAI
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 2.4M / #20
SPOKEN IN: Miesz - 1.5M / Albra - 90K
Mutually intelligible with the Zjnedua language.
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: pdü˩ ko˥ yi˧nde˥ no˨nx shö˩kt ki˨rd pdü˩ nu˦c shö˩kt ka˧no˧ ktu˩ go˥ch yi˦cho˦
Pronunciation: ptu˩ kʰɔ˥ ˈji˧nte˥ nɔ˨nx ʃɵ˩kʰtʰ ki˨rt ptu˩ nʊ˦ʦ ʃɵ˩kʰtʰ ˈka˧nɔ˧ kʰtʰʊ˩ gɔ˥ʧ ˈji˦ʧɔ˦

Hunarish word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b f g j k kʰ m n nʲ p r s t tʰ w wʲ x xʲ ɮ ɮʲ ʃ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n nʲ
Stop	p b		t tʰ			k kʰ g
Affricate			ʦ ʦʰ	ʧ ʧʰ
Fricative		f	s	ʃ		x xʲ
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral fricative			ɮ ɮʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w wʲ

Vowel inventory: /a e i u ɔ ɵ ʊ/
Tones: ˩ ˨ ˧ ˦ ˥

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Near-high			ʊ
High-mid	e	ɵ
Low-mid			ɔ
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Antepenult — stress is on the third last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, f, g, j, k, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, n, ntʰ, nʲ, pt, r, s, t, tʰ, x, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Mid-word consonants: ff, g, gs, gt, gts, gtʰ, gɮ, gʃ, gʧ, j, m, mg, mn, ms, mt, mʧ, mʧɮ, n, ng, ns, nt, nts, nx, nʦʰ, r, rg, rs, rsg, rt, rtɮ, rtʰ, rw, rx, rɮ, rʃ, rʦʰ, rʧʰ, s, sg, sn, sr, ss, stʰ, sɮ, t, tg, tn, tr, tw, tɮ, tʰ, tʰg, tʰɮ, w, ws, wtʰ, wx, wɮ, wʃ, wʦʰ, wʧʰɮ, x, xg, xn, xt, xɮ, ɮ, ɮb, ɮg, ɮs, ɮt, ɮtw, ɮtʰ, ɮtʰg, ɮtʰtʰ, ɮx, ɮɮ, ɮʦʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʧʰɮ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦr, ʦʰ, ʦʰs, ʧ, ʧʰ, ʧʰs
Word final consonants: b, g, gtʰ, gʃ, gʦʰ, gʧ, gʧʰ, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, mʧ, n, nt, nx, r, rt, rtʰ, rʧʰ, s, stʰ, t, tʰ, w, ws, wʧʰ, wʲ, x, xʲ, ɮ, ɮs, ɮtʰ, ɮʧ, ɮʲ, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• f → v / V_V
• w → ∅ / V_V

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
w	b
t	d / !_ʰ
tʰ	t
ʧʰ	ch
ʧ	ch
ʦʰ	c
ʦ	c
kʰ	k
ɮ	l
ʃ	sh
ɔ	o
ɵ	ö
pʰ	p
u	ü
ʊ	u
j	y
ʲ	∅

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Nouns have both a plural affix and dual affix for precisely two things.

	Animate	Inanimate
Singular	If starts with vowel: Prefix kʰtʰ- Else: Prefix kʰtʰʊ˥- ktu˥da˨n /ˈkʰtʰʊ˥ta˨n/	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦʰ- Else: Prefix ʦʰa˨- ca˩n /ʦʰa˩n/
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦ- Else: Prefix ʦe˥- ce˥da˨n /ˈʦe˥ta˨n/	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gʊ˨- ga˩n /ga˩n/
Dual	Prefix ri˩- ri˩da˨n /ˈri˩ta˨n/	Prefix ta˥- da˥a˩n /ˈta˥a˩n/

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	shi˩ /ʃi˩/ the	de˩ /te˩/ a
Plural	i˥l /i˥ɮ/ the	be˦ /be˦/ some

Pronouns

1st singular	go˦n /gɔ˦n/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	chi˨ /ʧi˨/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ko˥ /kʰɔ˥/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	sö˦ /sɵ˦/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	a˦mch /a˦mʧ/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ga˧ /ga˧/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	xi˩mch /xi˩mʧ/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	mo˨k /mɔ˨kʰ/ my
2nd singular	e˩ /e˩/ your
3rd singular masc	shö˩kt /ʃɵ˩kʰtʰ/ his
3rd singular fem	co˩sh /ʦʰɔ˩ʃ/ her
1st plural	i˧st /i˧stʰ/ our
2nd plural	nö˩rd /nʲɵ˩rt/ your (pl)
3rd plural	bla˦ /bɮa˦/ their

Verbs

Hunarish uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: xi˩ʦʰ - xi˩c i˨nd /xi˩ʦʰ i˨nt/ learned

Hunarish uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ma˨ - ma˨ i˨nd /ma˨ i˨nt/ will learn

Numbers

Hunarish has a base-20 number system:
1 - ktü˨s
2 - ku˩
3 - pdü˨
4 - ki˩
5 - de˨
6 - ba˥
7 - bla˩
8 - sü˥
9 - ki˧
10 - shü˨x
11 - ku˦c
12 - go˧d
13 - i˩x
14 - ktu˦s
15 - ri˨ch
16 - no˥ca˩g
17 - shi˨st
18 - xi˩r
19 - sö˨k
20 - shü˩mch
21 - shü˩mchktü˨s “twenty-one”
400 - ktü˨s ma˧ “one fourhundred”
401 - ktü˨s ma˧ ktü˨s “one fourhundred one”
800 - ku˩ ma˧ “two fourhundred”
8000 - ktü˨s u˨d “one eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix e˩-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ri˧-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ta˨-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix ji˦-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix bɮ- Else: Prefix bɮɔ˥-
Noun to verb = Prefix fɔ˧-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix nʲ- Else: Prefix nʲɵ˧-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix nʲ- Else: Prefix nʲɵ˥-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ʧʰe˦-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ʊ˩-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sɵ˨-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix e˥-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix b- Else: Prefix be˨-
Augmentative = Prefix tʰɵ˦-

Dictionary

4439 Words.