Zjnedua

LANGUAGE FAMILY: KANNAI
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 1.2M / #32
SPOKEN IN: Miesz - 1.2M
Mutually intelligible with the Hunarish language.
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: dȅ dvúk krȁ dní stóm krésn dȅ drȉ dní dérjé ptás fstrȍskȁ tkó
Pronunciation: dȅ dvúk krʲȁ dní stómʲ krésʲnʲ dȅ drʲȉ dní déˈrʲjé ptʲás fstrʲȍsˈkȁ tkó

Zjnedua word order: and stood holding his hat he and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b bʲ d dʲ f fʲ g j k l lʲ m mʲ n nʲ p pʲ r rʲ s sʲ t tʲ v vʲ x z zʲ ɕː ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː ʦ ʨ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m mʲ		n nʲ
Stop	p pʲ b bʲ		t tʲ d dʲ				k g
Affricate			ʦ		ʨ
Fricative		f fʲ v vʲ	s sʲ z zʲ	ʂ ʂː ʐ ʐː	ɕː		x
Approximant						j
Trill			r rʲ
Lateral approximant			lʲ l

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/
Tones: ̏ ́

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bl, blʲ, br, brʲ, bʲ, d, dlʲ, dn, dr, drʲ, dv, dvʲ, dʲ, f, fk, fklʲ, fp, fpr, fr, fsk, fsp, fst, fstrʲ, fsʲ, fsʲlʲ, ft, fx, fʲ, fʲpʲ, gdʲ, gl, glʲ, gr, grʲ, j, k, kl, klʲ, knʲ, kr, krʲ, kst, kt, kv, l, lʲ, m, mgn, ml, mn, mnʲ, mʲ, n, nr, nʲ, p, pl, plʲ, prʲ, ptʲ, pʲ, r, rʲ, s, sj, sk, skr, skv, sl, sm, smʲ, sn, sp, spr, sprʲ, spʲ, sr, srʲ, st, str, strʲ, stv, sv, svʲ, sx, sxv, sʦ, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, t, tk, tr, trʲ, tv, tvʲ, tʲ, v, vd, vdr, vl, vlʲ, vmʲ, vn, vnʲ, vr, vrʲ, vzd, vzglʲ, vzr, vzʲ, vʲ, x, xlʲ, xr, xv, z, zd, zdr, zl, zn, zrʲ, zv, zvʲ, zʲ, zʲdʲ, ɕː, ʂ, ʂk, ʂlʲ, ʂt, ʐ, ʐd, ʦ, ʦvʲ, ʨ, ʨlʲ
Mid-word consonants: b, bj, bl, blʲ, bn, br, bʲ, d, dj, dl, dlʲ, dmʲ, dr, dv, dvʲ, dʲ, dʲb, dʲnʲ, f, fk, fsk, fstrʲ, fsʲ, ft, ftr, fʂ, fʨ, fʲ, g, gd, gl, glʲ, gr, gz, gʐ, j, jg, jk, jm, jn, jsk, jstv, jstvʲ, jtʲ, jʂ, k, kl, klʲ, kn, kr, krʲ, kt, ktʲ, kv, kʦ, l, ld, lg, lk, ln, lnʲ, lp, lst, lt, lʐ, lʐn, lʨ, lʲ, lʲk, lʲnʲ, lʲstv, lʲstvʲ, lʲt, lʲz, lʲzʲ, lʲʂ, lʲʦ, lʲʨ, m, mk, mlʲ, mn, mnʲ, mp, mʲ, mʲj, mʲpʲ, n, nd, nf, nglʲ, ngr, nk, nr, nsk, nspʲ, nstv, nstvʲ, ntr, nʐ, nʦ, nʲ, nʲdʲ, nʲg, nʲk, nʲsʲtʲ, nʲtʲ, nʲɕː, nʲʨ, p, pk, pl, plʲ, pn, pr, prʲ, pst, pstvʲ, px, pɕː, pʲ, r, rd, rdʲ, rg, rk, rl, rm, rmʲ, rn, rnʲ, rpʲ, rsk, rstv, rstvʲ, rsʲ, rt, rtk, rtrʲ, rtv, rtʲ, rv, rx, rxn, rxnʲ, rʂ, rʐ, rʐd, rʦ, rʨ, rʲ, rʲb, rʲj, rʲm, s, sk, sklʲ, skv, sl, smʲ, sn, sp, spʲ, st, stk, str, strʲ, stv, stvʲ, sx, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲm, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, sʲtʲj, t, tk, tkr, tlʲ, tmʲ, tn, tp, tpr, tprʲ, tpʲ, tr, trʲ, tvʲ, tx, tʲ, tʲj, tʲnʲ, v, vd, vg, vlʲ, vn, vnʲ, vr, vrʲ, vʲ, vʲj, x, xk, xn, xnʲ, xr, xv, z, zb, zd, zg, zglʲ, zm, zmʲ, zn, zr, zrʲ, zv, zvr, zvʲ, zʲ, zʲb, zʲdʲ, zʲj, zʲlʲ, zʲnʲ, ɕː, ɕːn, ʂ, ʂk, ʂl, ʂn, ʂnʲ, ʂsk, ʂt, ʂː, ʐ, ʐb, ʐd, ʐdʲ, ʐn, ʐnʲ, ʐː, ʦ, ʦk, ʦs, ʦsʲ, ʦt, ʦtv, ʦtvʲ, ʨ, ʨk, ʨn, ʨnʲ, ʨt, ʨtʲ
Word final consonants: blʲ, brʲ, f, fʲ, j, k, kst, kt, l, lk, lp, lʲ, lʲm, m, mʲ, n, nk, nkt, nt, ntr, nʲ, p, r, rk, rs, rt, rtʲ, rx, rʲ, s, sk, sl, st, str, sʲ, sʲlʲ, sʲnʲ, sʲtʲ, t, tr, tʲ, x, z, zm, zʲnʲ, ɕː, ʂ, ʂtʲ, ʦ, ʨ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• k → ∅ / V_V
• s → h / #_
• g → ʒ / #_{i,e}
• l → ʧ / _{o,[+front]}
• t → ʦ / _i
• j → i / C_
• a → æ / i(C)_
• t → ʃ / _[+front]

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʨ	ch
x	kh
ʐ	zh
ʂ	sh
ʦ	ts
ʲ	∅
ɕː	shch

Grammar

Main word order: Verb Object (Prepositional phrase) Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened the door with a key Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have seven cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
• Instrumental is the use of something: man writes with (using) pen.

Nominative	No affix bístr /bístr/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix gdʲ- Else: Prefix gdʲí- gdíbístr /gdʲíˈbístr/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix r- Else: Prefix rȍ- rȍbístr /rȍˈbístr/ dogʼs
Dative	If starts with vowel: Prefix strʲ- Else: Prefix strʲé- strébístr /strʲéˈbístr/ to (the/a) dog
Locative	If starts with vowel: Prefix nʲ- Else: Prefix nʲú- núbístr /nʲúˈbístr/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
Ablative	If starts with vowel: Prefix vl- Else: Prefix vlȅ- vlȅbístr /vlȅˈbístr/ from (the/a) dog
Instrumental	Prefix slȅ- slȅbístr /slȅˈbístr/ with/using (the/a) dog

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Prefix ȉ- ȉmȁ /ȉˈmʲȁ/ man	If starts with vowel: Prefix sx- Else: Prefix sxȍ- skhȍmȁ /sxȍˈmʲȁ/ men
Feminine	Prefix ȁ- ȁsȁ /ȁˈsʲȁ/ woman	Prefix svʲȁ- svȁsȁ /svʲȁˈsʲȁ/ women
Neuter	Prefix ú- úbístr /úˈbístr/ dog	Prefix vdrȅ- vdrȅbístr /vdrȅˈbístr/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	tsȉ /ʦȉ/ the	králm /krʲálʲm/ a
Plural	stȍsh /stȍʂ/ the	smȉ /smʲȉ/ some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative	Instrumental
1st singular	mȁ /mʲȁ/ I	drȕ /drȕ/ me	zȅkh /zȅx/ mine	pȁ /pʲȁ/ to me	fkhósht /fxóʂtʲ/ at me	vmȅ /vmʲȅ/ from me	fstrȍt /fstrʲȍtʲ/ with/using me
2nd singular	krásl /krʲásl/ you (masc)	zȅs /zȅs/ you	krȁ /krʲȁ/ yours	stvóntr /stvóntr/ to you	tálm /tʲálʲm/ at you	vdétr /vdétr/ from you	shkúlm /ʂkúlʲm/ with/using you
3rd singular masc	krésn /krésʲnʲ/ he	rósl /rósl/ him	dní /dní/ his	tsvúlm /ʦvʲúlʲm/ to him	klȅ /klʲȅ/ at him	trȉ /trȉ/ from him	srȉ /srʲȉ/ with/using him
3rd singular fem	lílp /lʲílp/ she	zȅj /zȅj/ her	fspórkh /fspórx/ hers	khvȁj /xvȁj/ to her	vrázm /vrʲázm/ at her	kvántr /kvántr/ from her	dvȕ /dvȕ/ with/using her
3rd singular neut	vȉ /vʲȉ/ it	zém /zʲémʲ/ it	pȉm /pȉm/ its	fpȕsh /fʲpʲȕʂ/ to it	ȉ /ȉ/ at it	brȁ /brʲȁ/ from it	stó /sʲtʲó/ with/using it
1st plural inclusive	vȉs /vʲȉsʲ/ we (including you)	khȅst /xȅsʲtʲ/ us (including you)	lústr /lústr/ ours (including you)	sjȁ /sjȁ/ to us (including you)	ílp /ílp/ at us (including you)	dé /dé/ from us (including you)	lírt /lʲírt/ with/using us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	grúzn /grúzʲnʲ/ we (excluding you)	shchȅ /ɕːȅ/ us (excluding you)	svá /svʲá/ ours (excluding you)	sȁ /sȁ/ to us (excluding you)	stré /stré/ at us (excluding you)	stvóbl /stvóblʲ/ from us (excluding you)	glúrt /glúrtʲ/ with/using us (excluding you)
2nd plural	pȉ /pȉ/ you all	vzdȅ /vzdȅ/ you all	drȉ /drʲȉ/ yours (pl)	stȍkh /stȍx/ to you all	mnárt /mnʲárt/ at you all	srȉn /srȉnʲ/ from you all	shȕ /ʂȕ/ with/using you all
3rd plural masc	krȅ /krȅ/ they (masc)	mȕ /mȕ/ them (masc)	dért /dértʲ/ theirs (masc)	vzú /vzʲú/ to them (masc)	frȁ /frȁ/ at them (masc)	bí /bí/ from them (masc)	pró /prʲó/ with/using them (masc)
3rd plural fem	vzglé /vzglʲé/ they (fem)	zrȕr /zrʲȕr/ them (fem)	bȉ /bʲȉ/ theirs (fem)	núshch /nʲúɕː/ to them (fem)	zvért /zvértʲ/ at them (fem)	brȁ /brȁ/ from them (fem)	vírk /vírk/ with/using them (fem)
3rd plural neut	trístr /trístr/ they (neut)	skȉ /skȉ/ them (neut)	frá /frá/ theirs (neut)	pȉn /pȉnʲ/ to them (neut)	rȍ /rʲȍ/ at them (neut)	trȍ /trʲȍ/ from them (neut)	smȉ /smʲȉ/ with/using them (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	zȅkh /zȅx/ my
2nd singular	krȁ /krʲȁ/ your
3rd singular masc	dní /dní/ his
3rd singular fem	fspórkh /fspórx/ her
3rd singular neut	pȉm /pȉm/ its
1st plural inclusive	lústr /lústr/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	svá /svʲá/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	drȉ /drʲȉ/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	dért /dértʲ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	bȉ /bʲȉ/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	frá /frá/ their (neut)

Verbs

Present	Prefix ʂtí- shtíblȁspí /ʂtíˈblȁspʲí/ learn
Past	No affix blȁspí /blȁsˈpʲí/ learned
Remote past	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʂlʲ- Else: Prefix ʂlʲú- shlúblȁspí /ʂlʲúˈblȁspʲí/ learned (long ago)
Future	If starts with vowel: Prefix kv- Else: Prefix kvá- kváblȁspí /kváˈblȁspʲí/ will learn

Numbers

Zjnedua has a base-20 number system:
1 - sábr
2 - khvásl
3 - vízm
4 - dȁ
5 - kóf
6 - mgnérs
7 - ík
8 - prȍ
9 - tkȍ
10 - bȉ
11 - sáf
12 - ptántr
13 - dníz
14 - sár
15 - blór
16 - vlȅfshíf
17 - díbl
18 - káp
19 - lís
20 - zdȕnȉ
21 - sábr dȅ zdȕnȉ “one and twenty”
400 - strȅ “fourhundred”
401 - strȅ sábr “fourhundred one”
800 - khvásl strȅ “two fourhundred”
8000 - stȅ “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ne
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ȅ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix et-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix stv- Else: Prefix stvȍ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix spʲȁ-
Noun to verb = Suffix -diat
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ʐȍ-
Tending to = Prefix ȉ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -osz
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix fx- Else: Prefix fxó-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -tri
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix diu-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix pʲ- Else: Prefix pʲá-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix fk- Else: Prefix fkí-

Dictionary

4532 Words.