Osfray

LANGUAGE FAMILY: FARANG
# SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 10K / #82
SPOKEN IN: Ribok Isles - 10K
PERIOD OF USE:
SCRIPT USED:
PARENT LANGUAGE:

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"...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."
Translation: nu˦ ye˦ va˧ge u˦ ye˦ yu˧v nu˦ va˧f ye˦ nii˧n ye˦nplur˦nla˦ cu˦b mii˦
Pronunciation: /nuː˦ jɛ˦ vɑ˧ʤ uː˦ jɛ˦ juː˧v nuː˦ vɑ˧f jɛ˦ niː˧n jɛ˦nplɜː˦ˈnlɑ˦ kʊ˦b miː

Osfray word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɟ ɲ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʦ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p b			t d		ɟ	k g
Affricate				ʦ	ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ iː oʊ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ ɔː ɛ ɛə ɜː ɪ ɪə ʊ ʊə ʌ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə
Tones: ˦ ˧

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, f, fr, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, pr, r, t, v, z, ɟ, ɲ, ʃ, ʦ, ʧ
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ
Word final consonants: b, bd, bl, bz, d, dst, dz, f, fs, ft, g, gd, gz, k, ks, kst, kt, kts, l, ld, ldz, lf, lk, lm, ls, lt, lts, lv, lvd, lvz, lz, lθ, m, md, mp, mps, mpt, mz, n, nd, ndz, ns, nst, nt, nts, nz, nʤ, nʤd, nʧ, nθ, p, ps, pt, r, rm, s, sk, sp, spt, st, sts, t, ts, v, vd, vz, z, zd, ð, ðz, ŋ, ŋd, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋz, ɹ, ɹd, ɹdz, ɹk, ɹks, ɹkt, ɹm, ɹmd, ɹmz, ɹn, ɹnd, ɹs, ɹst, ɹt, ɹts, ɹz, ɹʃ, ɹʧt, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃt, ʤ, ʤd, ʧ, ʧt, θ, θs
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• w → ∅ / _t
• j → d / #_
• b → w / V_V
• ʦ → s / #_
• m → w / #_

Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
kt	cked / _#
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊC₁	oC₁e
uːC₁	uC₁e / _#
eɪC₁	aC₁e / _#
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋg	ng
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
z	s / _#
ju	u / C_
cc	ck
c	k / _#
{t,d}	ed / C_#
aʊ	ow / _#
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
ɪə	eri
ɪ	y / _#
ɪ	i
ji	yi
j	y
iː	y / _#
yy	yi / _#
y	i / #_#
ʌ	u
iː	ii
oʊ	o
ʊ	u
ɛ	e
ɑ(ː)	a
t	tt / æ_#
l	ll / æ_#
s	ss / æ_#
z	zz / æ_#
æ	a
ʤ	j / #_
ʤ	ge / _#
ʤ	dj
ɜː	ur
ɔː	or
uː	u
quur	cuir
eə	ere

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix ii˦m /iː˦m/ man	No affix u˧s /ʊ˧s/ woman
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -g Else: Suffix -ʌ˧g ii˦mu˧g /iː˦ˈmʌ˧g/ men	Suffix -ɛ˧t u˧se˧t /ʊ˧ˈsɛ˧t/ women

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	ca˧ /kɑː˧/ the	yu˧ /jʊ˧/ a
Plural	me˧ /mɛ˧/ the	prere˧m /prɛə˧m/ some

Pronouns

1st singular	ki˦k /kɪ˦k/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	pou˦m /paʊ˦m/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ye˦ /jɛ˦/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	u˧ /ʊ˧/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	fi˦ /fɪ˦/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	me˦ /mɛ˦/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	tu˦ /tuː˦/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	mii˧m /miː˧m/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ki˦k /kɪ˦k/ my
2nd singular	pou˦m /paʊ˦m/ your
3rd singular masc	ye˦ /jɛ˦/ his
3rd singular fem	u˧ /ʊ˧/ her
1st plural	fi˦ /fɪ˦/ our
2nd plural	me˦ /mɛ˦/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	tu˦ /tuː˦/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	mii˧m /miː˧m/ their (fem)

Verbs

Present	No affix mai˧ /maɪ˧/ learn
Past	Suffix -iː˧s mai˧ii˧s /maɪ˧ˈiː˧s/ learned
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹt Else: Suffix -ʊ˦ɹt mai˧red /maɪ˧ɹt/ will learn

Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Osfray uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ɔː˦l mai˧l /maɪ˧l/ learns/is learning

Numbers

Osfray has a base-20 number system:
1 - ii˦g
2 - mii˦n
3 - fi˧
4 - co˦k
5 - ke˦k
6 - me˦
7 - mii˧m
8 - fi˦
9 - cu˧
10 - ke˧
11 - mu˧ng
12 - ma˧bu˧n
13 - fi˦ya˧
14 - ne˧lgru˦l
15 - u˧rm
16 - me˧me˧n
17 - ra˧mii˧k
18 - ii˧cu˧m
19 - e˧a˦
20 - ne˧mi˧
21 - ii˦g nu˦ ne˧mi˧ “one and twenty”
400 - u˧n “fourhundred”
401 - u˧n nu˦ ii˦g “fourhundred and one”
800 - mii˦n u˧n “two fourhundred”
8000 - mur˦ “eightthousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -iː˧
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -ɛ˧s
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -iː˦n
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ɔɪ˦g
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -ʌ˦
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -iː˦t
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -uː˦p
Tending to = Suffix -iː˧n
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -æ˦n
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -uː˦k
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɛ˦
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ʌ˦m
Diminutive = Suffix -iː˦
Augmentative = Suffix -ɛ˦

Dictionary

4441 Words.