Auran

Natively known as: Dhirḑ /ðirdˤ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
shaf kah rāfl şuyun shara nāw shaf ţīyyi şiw rāfl dāf khan ţītlā
Pronunciation: /ʃaf kah raːfl ˈsˤujun ˈʃara naːw ʃaf ˈtˤiːjji sˤiw raːfl daːf xan ˈtˤiːtlaː/
Dhirḑian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d dˤ f h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Stop	b			t tˤ d dˤ			k	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative		f	θ ð ðˤ	s sˤ z	ʃ		x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aː i iː u uː/

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, dˤ, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, sˤ, t, tˤ, w, x, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bb, d, dd, dˤ, f, h, j, jj, k, kr, l, ll, lʔ, m, mm, n, nd, nt, ntˤ, nð, q, qq, r, rb, rr, s, sˤ, t, tl, tʤ, tˤ, tˤtˤ, w, ww, x, ð, ðˤ, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʕl, ʕt, ʕtˤ, ʤ, θ
Word final consonants: N/A
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• r → l / _Vl

How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aː	ā
dˤ	ḑ
iː	ī
j	y
sˤ	ş
tˤ	ţ
uː	ū
x	kh
ð	dh
ħ	ḩ
ɣ	gh
ʃ	sh
ʔ	’
ʕ	ʻ
ʤ	j
θ	th

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix mib /mib/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
Accusative	Prefix ʕu- ʻumib /ˈʕumib/ (verb done to) doɡ
Genitive	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ- Else: Prefix ʤuː- yūmib /ˈʤuːmib/ doɡʼs
Dative	Prefix daː- dāmib /ˈdaːmib/ to (the/a) doɡ

Singular	No affix mib /mib/ doɡ
Plural	Prefix uː- ūmib /ˈuːmib/ doɡs

Articles

Definite	sha /ʃa/ the
Indefinite	yūl /ʤuːl/ a, some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	dā /daː/ I	na /na/ me	’īt /ʔiːt/ mine	dhu /ðu/ to me
2nd singular	si /si/ you (masc)	ḩid /ħid/ you	a /a/ yours	asm /asm/ to you
3rd singular	kah /kah/ he, she, it	ba /ba/ him, her, it	rāfl /raːfl/ his, hers, its	dhill /ðill/ to him, her, it
1st plural	ma /ma/ we	ya /ʤa/ us	lūr /luːr/ ours	hu /hu/ to us
2nd plural	dhi /ði/ you all	kham /xam/ you all	khak /xak/ yours (pl)	thu /θu/ to you all
3rd plural	’i /ʔi/ they	dārḑ /daːrdˤ/ them	ţīʻ /tˤiːʕ/ theirs	zāyy /zaːjj/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	’īt /ʔiːt/ my
2nd singular	a /a/ your
3rd singular	rāfl /raːfl/ his, her, its
1st plural	lūr /luːr/ our
2nd plural	khak /xak/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ţīʻ /tˤiːʕ/ their

Verbs

	Present	Past	Future
1st person	Prefix iː- īsiḩ /ˈiːsiħ/ (I/we) learn	Prefix u- usiḩ /ˈusiħ/ (I/we) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix na- nasiḩ /ˈnasiħ/
2nd person	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix luː- lūsiḩ /ˈluːsiħ/ (you/you all) learn	No affix siḩ /siħ/ (you/you all) learned	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ- Else: Prefix ʃa- shasiḩ /ˈʃasiħ/
3rd person	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix tiː- tīsiḩ /ˈtiːsiħ/ (he/she/it/they) learn	No affix siḩ /siħ/ (he/she/it/they) learned	Prefix a- asiḩ /ˈasiħ/

Imperfective aspect

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Dhirḑian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Prefix a- asiḩ /ˈasiħ/ learns/is learninɡ

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Dhirḑian uses the word for ‘finish’ ūkhaḩ for the perfect aspect.

Numbers

Dhirḑian has a base-10 number system:
1 - la
2 - a
3 - ’u
4 - ka
5 - nasm
6 - dhir
7 - şu
8 - shal
9 - zādī
10 - shaʻ
11 - shaʻla “ten-one”
100 - şi “hundred”
101 - şi shaf la “hundred and one”
200 - a şi
1000 - dhin “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʕu-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix dˤ-
Else: Prefix dˤuː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix uː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix l-
Else: Prefix la-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ-
Else: Prefix ʃa-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix d-
Else: Prefix daː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʤ-
Else: Prefix ʤuː-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ħ-
Else: Prefix ħi-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix a-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ʤuː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix aː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix h-
Else: Prefix hu-
Diminutive = Prefix ka-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix r-
Else: Prefix ri-

Dictionary

4376 Words.

Root Languages

• Primordial

Common Female Names

• Mānţūʻā /ˈmaːntˤuːʕaː/ 
• Qūyyi /ˈquːjji/ 
• Sāʻţus /ˈsaːʕtˤus/
• Baḩaf /ˈbaħaf/
• Dāʻlar /ˈdaːʕlar/
• Sābāh /ˈsaːbaːh/
• Māşa /ˈmaːsˤa/
• ʻUrī /ˈʕuriː/
• Ḩāʻtā’ /ˈħaːʕtaːʔ/
• Nārbā /ˈnaːrbaː/

Common Male Names

• Şinda /ˈsˤinda/ 
• Ḩārī /ˈħaːriː/ 
• Naţ /natˤ/ 
• Kanūʻu /ˈkanuːʕu/ 
• ’iʻlam /ˈʔiʕlam/ 
• Dhuqūtyū /ˈðuquːtʤuː/ 
• Arrī /ˈarriː/ 
• Zātu /ˈzaːtu/ 
• Sāʻlam /ˈsaːʕlam/ 
• Wīʻlar /ˈwiːʕlar/

Common Unisex Names

• Qīdhīfi /ˈqiːðiːfi/ 
• Lūyud /ˈluːjud/ 
• Fāwā /ˈfaːwaː/ 
• Tībbur /ˈtiːbbur/ 
• Sābas /ˈsaːbas/
• Shakhuh /ˈʃaxuh/ 
• Ţīşī /ˈtˤiːsˤiː/ 
• Tīrbu /ˈtiːrbu/ 
• ’īl /ʔiːl/
• Shaʻlud /ˈʃaʕlud/