Ignan

Natively known as: ʻullufl /ˈʕullufl/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
i ghūl zāʻi rāh mis ḑūn i rāh ţīʻtīḩ shaf ’ut wīqis ʻuh
Pronunciation: /i ɣuːl ˈzaːʕi raːh mis dˤuːn i raːh ˈtˤiːʕtiːħ ʃaf ʔut ˈwiːqis ʕuh/
ʻulluflish word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d dˤ f h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Stop	b			t tˤ d dˤ			k	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative		f	θ ð ðˤ	s sˤ z	ʃ		x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aː i iː u uː/

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, d, dˤ, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, sˤ, t, tˤ, w, x, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bb, d, dd, dˤ, f, h, j, jj, k, kr, l, ll, lʔ, m, mm, n, nd, nt, ntˤ, nð, q, qq, r, rb, rr, s, sˤ, t, tl, tʤ, tˤ, tˤtˤ, w, ww, x, ð, ðˤ, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʕl, ʕt, ʕtˤ, ʤ, θ
Word final consonants: b, d, f, fl, h, jj, k, l, ll, m, n, q, r, rdˤ, s, sm, t, tˤ, w, zʔ, ħ, ʔ, ʕ

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• N → ŋ / _#
• d → Ø / V_V
• b → w / V_V
• h → Ø / _#
• l → j / a_i
• N → m / _#
• k → ɡ / _#
• q → h / _#

How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aː	ā
dˤ	ḑ
iː	ī
j	y
sˤ	ş
tˤ	ţ
uː	ū
x	kh
ð	dh
ħ	ḩ
ɣ	gh
ʃ	sh
ʔ	’
ʕ	ʻ
ʤ	j
θ	th

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions

Nouns

Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nominative	No affix qīq /qiːq/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -uːrdˤ qīqūrḑ /qiːˈquːrdˤ/ (verb done to) doɡ

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	mā /maː/ the	’i /ʔi/ a
Plural	ghūr /ɣuːr/ the	ma /ma/ some

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	nā /naː/ I	hu /hu/ me
2nd singular	zām /zaːm/ you (masc)	ţīyy /tˤiːjj/ you
3rd singular masc	ghūl /ɣuːl/ he, it	ghī /ɣiː/ him, it
3rd singular fem	khaḩ /xaħ/ she, it	ka /ka/ her, it
1st plural inclusive	nat /nat/ we (including you)	ḑūt /dˤuːt/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	thu /θu/ we (excluding you)	a /a/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	’u /ʔu/ you all	’īq /ʔiːq/ you all
3rd plural	sha /ʃa/ they	dāh /daːh/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ma /ma/ my
2nd singular	’īʻ /ʔiːʕ/ your
3rd singular masc	rāh /raːh/ his
3rd singular fem	ʻīfl /ʕiːfl/ her
1st plural inclusive	būw /buːw/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	nā /naː/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	’u /ʔu/ your (pl)
3rd plural	dā /daː/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix ’iţ /ʔitˤ/ learn
Past	Suffix -aːh ’iţāh /ˈʔitˤaːh/ learned
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -un ’iţun /ʔiˈtˤun/ will learn

Numbers

ʻulluflish has a base-10 number system:
1 - ţur
2 - ’īrḑ
3 - sām
4 - mā
5 - marḑ
6 - miḩ
7 - hu
8 - yīra
9 - mat
10 - fāq
11 - fāq i ţur “ten and one”
100 - ţur banasm “one hundred”
101 - ţur banasm ţur “one hundred one”
200 - ’īrḑ banasm
1000 - ţur fām “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -uːs
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -aːm
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -aːsm
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -aːd
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -im
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Suffix -a
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sm
Else: Suffix -ism
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sm
Else: Suffix -ism
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -iː
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -id
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -u
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʔ
Else: Suffix -aʔ
Diminutive = Suffix -a
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
Else: Suffix -ub

Dictionary

4372 Words.

Root Languages

• Primordial

Common Female Names

• Yīwwu /ˈjiːwwu/ 
• Şimma /sˤimˈma/
• Ţītlur /tˤiːˈtlur/ 
• Yīḩil /ˈjiːħil/ 
• Ḑūkūtlun /dˤuːˈkuːtlun/ 
• Il’ā /ˈilʔaː/ 
• Yīwī /ˈjiːwiː/ 
• Nabūwwīsm /naˈbuːwwiːsm/ 
• Tībūqqī /tiːˈbuːqqiː/ 
• Būnūmin /buːnuːˈmin/

Common Male Names

• Yūrā /ˈʤuːraː/
• Mānu /ˈmaːnu/
• Yīʻī /ˈjiːʕiː/
• Tūbayy /ˈtuːbajj/
• Dāsa /ˈdaːsa/
• Lūqqi /luːqˈqi/
• Wīndhī /ˈwiːnðiː/
• Ātya /ˈaːtʤa/
• Mallis /maˈllis/
• Mārūbbar /maːruːbˈbar/

Common Unisex Names

• Shalī /ʃaˈliː/
• Şuyyi /ˈsˤujji/
• Wīqqu /wiːqˈqu/
• Īţţaʻ /ˈiːtˤtˤaʕ/
• Zāfībarḑ /zaːˈfiːbardˤ/ 
• Qīqqu /ˈqiːqqu/
• Fāntā /ˈfaːntaː/
• Īmaw /ˈiːmaw/
• Mānīd /maːˈniːd/
• Tūrā /ˈtuːraː/