Fulgai

Natively known as: Wīţ /wiːtˤ/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
’i hu fā’ yīs hu mism ’i wīk hu tīri şuh tīf nāt
Pronunciation: /ʔi hu faːʔ jiːs hu mism ʔi wiːk hu ˈtiːri sˤuh tiːf naːt/
Wīţian word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d dˤ f h j k l m n q r s sˤ t tˤ w x z ð ðˤ ħ ɣ ʃ ʔ ʕ ʤ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m			n
Stop	b			t tˤ d dˤ			k	q		ʔ
Affricate					ʤ
Fricative		f	θ ð ðˤ	s sˤ z	ʃ		x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aː i iː u uː/

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, d, dˤ, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, q, r, s, sˤ, t, tˤ, w, x, z, ð, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʤ, θ
Mid-word consonants: b, bb, d, dd, dˤ, f, h, j, jj, k, kr, l, ll, lʔ, m, mm, n, nd, nt, ntˤ, nð, q, qq, r, rb, rr, s, sˤ, t, tl, tʤ, tˤ, tˤtˤ, w, ww, x, ð, ðˤ, ħ, ɣ, ʃ, ʔ, ʕ, ʕl, ʕt, ʕtˤ, ʤ, θ
Word final consonants: b, d, f, fl, h, jj, k, l, ll, m, n, q, r, rdˤ, s, sm, t, tˤ, w, zʔ, ħ, ʔ, ʕ
Phonological changes (in order of application):

• i → ɐ / _m
• d → ð / V_V
• j → t / _#
• h → ħ / _Vz
• l → ɾ / V_V

How to read phonological rules
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aː	ā
dˤ	ḑ
iː	ī
j	y
sˤ	ş
tˤ	ţ
uː	ū
x	kh
ð	dh
ħ	ḩ
ɣ	gh
ʃ	sh
ʔ	’
ʕ	ʻ
ʤ	j
θ	th

---

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Singular	No affix thuq /θuq/ doɡ
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɣ- Else: Prefix ɣuː- ghūthuq /ˈɣuːθuq/ doɡs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	kā /kaː/ the	ţu /tˤu/ a
Plural	maʻ /maʕ/ the	bat /bat/ some

Pronouns

1st singular	rāw /raːw/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	si /si/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	hu /hu/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	shaw /ʃaw/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	’i /ʔi/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	kha /xa/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	ʻu /ʕu/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	rāw /raːw/ my
2nd singular	si /si/ your
3rd singular masc	hu /hu/ his
3rd singular fem	shaw /ʃaw/ her
1st plural	’i /ʔi/ our
2nd plural	kha /xa/ your (pl)
3rd plural	ʻu /ʕu/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix ghīf /ɣiːf/ learn
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʕ- Else: Prefix ʕu- ʻughīf /ˈʕuɣiːf/ learned

Wīţian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: quːk - qūk ghīf /quːk ɣiːf/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speking, such as I am learning.
Wīţian uses an affix for progressive:

Progressive

If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix faː- fāghīf /ˈfaːɣiːf/ is learninɡ

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Wīţian uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: la - la ghīf /la ɣiːf/ learns

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Wīţian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Prefix iː- īghīf /ˈiːɣiːf/ have learned

Numbers

Wīţian has a base-10 number system:
1 - şi
2 - īrḑ
3 - ka
4 - a
5 - mā
6 - makrīʻ
7 - zi
8 - dā
9 - qūq
10 - şull
11 - şull ’i şi “ten and one”
100 - dat “hundred”
101 - dat ’i şi “hundred and one”
200 - īrḑ dat
1000 - baghak “thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ-
Else: Prefix ʃa-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ma-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ħ-
Else: Prefix ħi-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jiː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix u-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = Prefix ma-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix θ-
Else: Prefix θu-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix kaː-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ħaː-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix iː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix aː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix m-
Else: Prefix ma-
Diminutive = Prefix aː-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix sˤ-
Else: Prefix sˤu-

Dictionary

4411 Words.

Root Languages

• Primordial

Common Female Names

• Ḩāri /ˈħaːri/ 
• Rāthūkhī’ /ˈraːθuːxiːʔ/ 
• Sādhˤab /ˈsaːðˤab/ 
• Nāna /ˈnaːna/ 
• Īl’ī /ˈiːlʔiː/ 
• Yīta /ˈjiːta/ 
• Lūmāf /ˈluːmaːf/ 
• Ammā /ˈammaː/ 
• Zāwā /ˈzaːwaː/
• Ḑūra /ˈdˤuːra/

Common Male Names

• Būdīkāʻ /ˈbuːdiːkaːʕ/ 
• Natūshā’ /ˈnatuːʃaːʔ/ 
• Āllasm /ˈaːllasm/ 
• Yūī /ˈʤuːiː/ 
• Shama /ˈʃama/ 
• Dāmaf /ˈdaːmaf/ 
• Ţīm /tˤiːm/ 
• Qūbāʻ /ˈquːbaːʕ/ 
• Tīţ /tiːtˤ/ 
• Maqī /ˈmaqiː/

Common Unisex Names

• Uni /ˈuni/ 
• ʻīţţib /ˈʕiːtˤtˤib/ 
• Aḩūfī /ˈaħuːfiː/ 
• Kaţţayy /ˈkatˤtˤajj/ 
• Tūdhˤāl /ˈtuːðˤaːl/ 
• Sinta /ˈsinta/ 
• Hiţ /hitˤ/ 
• Kaghā’ /ˈkaɣaːʔ/ 
• Nakhuţ /ˈnaxutˤ/ 
• Lūlī /ˈluːliː/