Samstradian

Natively known as: pleld /pleːld/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
stipt valt brärr ack vort gluls stipt svålpög nald brärr kälja of kvö
Pronunciation: /stɪpt valt brɛrr akk vɔrt glɵls stɪpt ˈsvoːlpœg nald brɛrr ˈkɛllja ɔf kvøː/
Samstradian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v ŋ ɕ ɖ ɧ ʂ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n				ŋ
Stop	b p		t d	ɖ			k g
Fricative		v f	s	ʂ	ɕ			h
Approximant						j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Sj-sound
Fricative	ɧ

Vowel inventory: a eː iː oː uː yː øː œ ɑː ɔ ɛ ɛː ɪ ɵ ʉː ʊ ʏ

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː yː	ʉː	uː
Near-high	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	eː øː	ɵ	oː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː œ		ɔ
Low	a		ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?
Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛː	ä
ɛ	ä
øː	ö
œ	ö
oː	å
ɔ	o
yː	y
ʏ	y
ʉː	u
ɵ	u
ʊ	o
uː	o
iː	i
ɪ	i
eː	e
ɑː	a
ŋn	gn
ŋ	ng
j	g / _#
ɧ	sj
kk	ck
ɕ	k
C₁C₁	C₁ / _j

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Grammar

Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns

Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Singular

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
Masculine	No affix svon /svɔn/ boy (doing the verb)	If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix vɛ- väsvon /ˈvɛsvɔn/ (verb done to) the/a boy	Prefix bʉː- busvon /ˈbʉːsvɔn/ boyʼs
Feminine	No affix flot /flʊt/ girl (doing the verb)	If starts with vowel: Prefix tv- Else: Prefix tvɪ- tviflot /ˈtvɪflʊt/ (verb done to) the/a girl	If starts with vowel: Prefix skr- Else: Prefix skrɔ- skroflot /ˈskrɔflʊt/ girlʼs

Plural

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
Masculine	If starts with vowel: Prefix gl- Else: Prefix gliː- glisvon /ˈgliːsvɔn/ boys (doing the verb)	Prefix jɵ- jusvon /ˈjɵsvɔn/ (verb done to) boys	Prefix eː- esvon /ˈeːsvɔn/ boysʼ
Feminine	Prefix flɪ- fliflot /ˈflɪflʊt/ girls (doing the verb)	If starts with vowel: Prefix fl- Else: Prefix flɛ- fläflot /ˈflɛflʊt/ (verb done to) girls	If starts with vowel: Prefix skr- Else: Prefix skrøː- skröflot /ˈskrøːflʊt/ girlsʼ

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	a /a/ the	bu /bɵ/ a
Plural	lirs /lɪrs/ the	slö /sløː/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st singular	stab /stab/ I	mo /muː/ me	kru /krɵ/ mine
2nd singular	pa /pa/ you	u /ʉː/ you	ku /kʉː/ yours
3rd singular masc	valt /valt/ he, it (masc)	ku /ɕʉː/ his, it (masc)	stu /stɵ/ his, its (masc)
3rd singular fem	flant /flant/ she, it (fem)	gle /gleː/ her, it (fem)	bru /brʉː/ hers, its (fem)
1st plural inclusive	bjulv /bjɵlv/ we (including you)	bjid /bjɪd/ us (including you)	bläng /blɛŋ/ ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	i /ɪ/ we (excluding you)	va /va/ us (excluding you)	drur /drɵr/ ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	eg /eːg/ you all	targ /tɑːrj/ you all	blor /blɔr/ yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	äns /ɛːns/ they (masc)	ö /øː/ them (masc)	spru /sprʉː/ theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	em /eːm/ they (fem)	vor /vuːr/ them (fem)	i /iː/ theirs (fem)

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	o /ʊ/ my
2nd singular	kog /ɕuːg/ your
3rd singular masc	brärr /brɛrr/ his
3rd singular fem	äld /ɛld/ her
1st plural inclusive	e /eː/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ku /ɕʉː/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	vä /vɛː/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	a /a/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	fjoll /fjɔll/ their (fem)

Verbs

1st singular	Prefix bra- brafilp /ˈbrafiːlp/ (I) learn
2nd singular	Prefix a- afilp /ˈafiːlp/ (you) learn
3rd singular masc	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ta- tafilp /ˈtafiːlp/ (he/it (masc)) learns
3rd singular fem	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɔlj- Else: Prefix ɔlja- oljafilp /ɔˈljafiːlp/ (she/it (fem)) learns
1st plural inclusive	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɪm- Else: Prefix ɪmʉː- imufilp /ɪˈmʉːfiːlp/ (we (including you)) learn
1st plural exclusive	If starts with vowel: Prefix pr- Else: Prefix preː- prefilp /ˈpreːfiːlp/ (we (excluding you)) learn
2nd plural	Prefix oː- åfilp /ˈoːfiːlp/ (you all) learn
3rd plural masc	If starts with vowel: Prefix øːgr- Else: Prefix øːgrɑː- ögrafilp /øːˈgrɑːfiːlp/ (they (masc)) learn
3rd plural fem	Prefix krʊ- krofilp /ˈkrʊfiːlp/ (they (fem)) learn

Samstradian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ryːr - ryr filp /ryːr fiːlp/ learned

Samstradian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: frɵ - fru filp /frɵ fiːlp/ will learn

Progressive aspect

The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Samstradian uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: deːm - dem filp /deːm fiːlp/ is learning

Habitual aspect

The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Samstradian uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: ansk - ansk filp /ansk fiːlp/ learns

Numbers

Samstradian has a base-10 number system:
1 - svät
2 - klyst
3 - om
4 - trå
5 - vu
6 - po
7 - krä
8 - påb
9 - ly
10 - ör
100 - dan
1000 - ve

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = Suffix -eːrk
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mt
Else: Suffix -eːmt
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -yːl
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
Else: Suffix -ab
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋ
Else: Suffix -ʊŋ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -f
Else: Suffix -eːf
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix tɵ-
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -kk
Else: Suffix -uːkk
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix ɛ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɪlp
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -yːl
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -uː
Diminutive = Suffix -oːns
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix ar-
Else: Prefix arʉː-

Dictionary

3091 Words.